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111 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the periods of development?
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Prenatal (conception - birth)
Infancy + toddler hood (birth - 2) Early Childhood (2 - 6) Middle Childhood (6 - 11) Adolescence (11 - 18) emerging adulthood (18 - 25) |
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What is a theory?
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orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains and predicts behavior.
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What does continuous development mean?
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Means that infants respond to the world much like a adults do just differing in complexity and amount. (the gradual addition of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.)
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What does Discontinuous development mean?
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Behavior, emotions and thoughts differ at different levels of development. New ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.
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Theories that accept the discontinuous prospective of development generally regard development to take place in?
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Stages, qualitative changes in thinking and behaving that characterize specific periods
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What is a context?
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unique combination of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change.
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What is resilience?
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the ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development.
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What was the view of children during the Medieval Times?
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In art children are depicted as playing games and looking up to adults. In religious texts they are often depicted as being possessed by the devil.
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What was the view of children during the reformation?
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Children were born evil and needed to be civilized with strict rules.
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What is Tabula rasa?
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John Locke's view on children being born as a blank slate. They are entirely shaped by their experiences. Encouraged using positive reinforcement rather than physical violence.
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What was Jean-Jaques Rousseau's position on children?
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That they were not "blank slates" they were "noble savages" naturally endowed with a sense of right and wrong with a innate plan for healthy orderly growth.
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What were the baby biographies?
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during the late 19th century many developmental psychologists studied babies close to them by writing down their activities.
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What is the normative approach and who came up with it?
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G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell came up with this approach which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development.
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What did Binet's theory of intelligence do?
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reduced intelligence to simple elements of reaction time and sensitivity to physical stimuli. Thus the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
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What is the psychoanalytic perspective of child development?
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children move through a series of stages in which they confront conflicts between biological drives and social expectations. How these conflicts are resolved will determine the person's ability to learn, get along with others and cope with anxiety.
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What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
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Oral = birth - 1
Anal = 1 - 3 Phallic = 3 -6 (opidius and Electra complexes) Latency = 6 - 11 superego develops further Genital = adolescence |
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According to Freud what are the parts of personality?
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Id, Ego, and Superego
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According to Freud, what is the Id?
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The largest part of the mind, source of all tha basic biological needs and desires.
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According to Freud, what is the ego?
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conscious rational part of the personality that develops during infancy to redirect the id's impulses.
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According to Freud, what is the superego?
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Basically the conscious, which develops through interactions with parents who insist that children conform to society.
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What are Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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Basic trust vs mistrust (birth-1)
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt (1-3) Initiative vs guilt (3-6) Industry vs inferiority (6-11) Identity vs identity confusion (adolescence) Generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood) integrity vs despair (old age) |
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According to behaviorism, what is the appropriate focus of study?
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directly observable events -- stimuli and responses
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What is Skinner's operant conditioning theory?
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frequency of a behavior can be increased with reinforcers and decreased with punishment.
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Albert Bandura emphasized the importance of what?
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Modeling, known as imitation or observational learning.
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What is the largest contribution of behaviorism and social learning theories?
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Behavior modification, conditioning and modeling to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable ones.
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What is the major limitation to the behaviorism and social learning theories?
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too much of a narrow view of important environmental influences.
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According to Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory children's learning depends on what?
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the way that children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
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What are Piaget's stages of development?
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Sensorimotor: (birth-2) "thinking" is accomplished through their eyes, ears, hands and mouth. As a result they invent ways to solve problems (pulling levers)
Preoperational: (2-7) development of language and make-believe, but lacking logic that will come in further stages Concrete Operational: (7-11) reasoning becomes logical and better organized Formal Operational: (11-->) abstract systematic thinking |
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What is the information processing perspective?
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information presented to the senses as an input until it emerges as a behavioral response, an output.
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What is developmental cognitive neuroscience?
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the study of the relationship between the changes in the brains and the developing child's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
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What is ethology?
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concerned with adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history.
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What is imprinting?
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early behavior of some birds like ducks/geese that allow them to stay close to their mother.
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What is the sensitive period?
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time in which it is optimal for certain capacities to emerge and in which the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences.
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What is evolutionary developmental psychology?
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perspective that seeks to understand the adaptive value of species-wide cognitive, emotional and social competencies as those competencies change with age.
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What is the sociocultural theory?
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focuses on how culture -- values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group-- is transmitted to the next generation through social interaction. Theory presented by: Lev Vygotsky.
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Vygotsky viewed cognitive development how?
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as a socially meditated process were children depend on adults and more-expert peers as they tackle new challenges.
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What is the ecological theory?
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views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the surrounding environment. created by: Urie bronfenbrenner
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What is the Microsystem level in the bio ecological model?
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the innermost layer of the environment consisting of activities and interaction patterns in the child's immediate surroundings.
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What is the second level of bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
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The mesosystem, encompasses the connections between microsystems, like school, home, neighborhood, and child-care center.
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What is the exosystem?
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according to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model it consists of social settings that do not contain the children but that nevertheless affect the children's experiences in immediate settings
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What is the macrosystem?
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according to Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is the outer most level, consisting of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
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What is the chronosystem?
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Bronfenbrenner's model that addresses the affect on developing children of life altering events like a birth of a sibling and the time in which it happens.
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What is the dynamic systems approach?
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this view says that the child's mind, body and physical and social worlds form an integrated system that guides mastery of new skills.
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According to the psychoanalytic perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Discontinuous.
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According to the behavioral and social learning perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Continuous.
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According to the Piaget's cognitive-developmental perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Discontinuous.
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According to the information processing perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Continuous.
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According to the Ethology and evolutionary perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Both.
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According to the Vygotsky's sociocultural perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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both
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According to the ecological sytems perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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Not specified.
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According to the dynamic systems perspective is development continuous or discontinuous?
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both.
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What is a electroencephalogram? (EEG)
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electrodes are attached to the scalp t record the stability and organization of electrical brain-wave activity in the brain's outer layers--the cerebral cortex
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What is event-related potentials? (ERPs)
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Using the EEG, the frequency and amplitude of brain waves in response to particular stimuli are recorded in multiple ares of the cerebral cortex
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What is functional magnetic resonance imaging? (fMRI)
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a tunnel shaped apperatus creates a magnetic field, a scanner magnetically detects increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism in precise areas of the brain.
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what is positron emission tomography? (PET)
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after injection of inhalation of a radioactive substance, the scanner can detect increased blood flow and oxygen metabolism.
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What is Near-infrared optical topography? (NIROT)
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the beaming of infrared light into the brain using optical fibers on the scalp. This changes the blood flow and the metabolism of the brain areas.
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What is correlational design?
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researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, and make no effort to alter their experiences. They look at the relationship between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.
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What is internal validity?
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the degree to which conditions internal to the design of the study permit an accurate test of the researchers' hypothesis or question.
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What is external validity?
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the degree to which their findings generalize to settings and participants outside the original study.
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What is the correlation coefficient?
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a number that describes how two measures, or variables, are associated with each other.
ex. -32 or + .98 |
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What is an independent variable?
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the variable that the investigator expects to cause changes in the other variable.
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What is an dependent variable?
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the variable that the investigator expects to be influenced by the other variable.
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what is a confounding variable?
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So closely associated with their effects on an outcome cannot be distinguished
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what is matching?
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participants in an experiment are measured ahead of time on the factor in question.
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What is longitudinal design?
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participants are studied repeatedly at different ages and changes are noted as they get older.
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What are the problems with longitudinal design?
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biased sampling (failure to enlist participants that represent the whole population)
selective attrition (some people will drop out over time leaving the group not as diverse) practice effects(participants might become "test wise" cohort effects (children developing at the same time experiencing the same things) |
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What cross-sectional design?
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groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time.
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What is sequential design?
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the combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional comparisons over time
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What is microgenetic design?
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adaptation of the longitudinal approach presents children with novel tasks and follows their mastery over spaced out sessions.
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What are gametes?
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sex cells
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How many chromosomes are there?
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22 autosomal (non-sex cell) and the 23rd pair are the sex cells
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What is an allele?
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The form of gene inherited from parents
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What happens if the alleles inherited from the parents are the same?
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The child is homozygous and will display that trait.
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What happens if the alleles differ?
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The child is heterozygous and relationships determine what trait will appear.
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In a heterzygous child what is a dominate trait?
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the allele that is expressed
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Can heterzygous individuals pass on their recessive trait?
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Yes, they are called carriers.
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What are modifier genes?
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They enhance or dilute the effects of of other genes
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What is x-linked inheritances?
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When harmful alleles are carried on the x chromosome, and since men only have one x chromosome then they are more likely to get it.
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What is gemomic imprinting?
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when alleles are chemically marked so that one pair member is activated, regardless of its makeup
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What is mutation?
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a sudden but permanent change in a segment of DNA
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What is polygenic inheritance?
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When many genes determine characteristics like height, intelligence, weight, and personality.
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What is aminocentisis?
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a hollow needle is inserted into the uterus and fluid is taken.
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What is chronic villus sampling?
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a hollow needle is inserted through the vagina and removes a tissue plug from the uterine wall.
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what is a fetoscopy?
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i tube with a light at the end inspects the fetus. and allows the fetal blood.
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what is an ultrasound?
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high frequency sound waves are beamed at the uterus allowing a picture of the fetus.
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What is the germinal period?
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conception to 2 weeks
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What happens on the forth day of pregnancy?
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The zygote forms a hollow fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst, its inner cells are called embryonic disk and this will become the organisim.
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What happens at the end of the first week of pregnancy?
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the blastocyst begins to implant into the uterine lining.
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What is the amnion?
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membrane that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid
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What is the chorion?
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the protective membrane that surronds the amnion.
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What is the outer layer of the blastocyst?
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trophoblast.
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At about what time in pregnancy does the neural tube develop?
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about 3 1/2 weeks ectoderm of embryonic disk folds over and top swells to form primitive brain
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what are the regions of the cortex?
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Frontal(thought and consciousness), Parietal(movement and coordination), temporal(visual cortex), and occipital(auditory cortex).
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What is the left hemisphere responsible for?
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verbal abilities, positive emotions
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What is the right hemisphere responsible for?
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special abilities, negative emotions
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What is the cerebellum responsible for?
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balance and body movement control
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What is the reticular formation responsible for?
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brain stem area – alertness and consciousness
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What is the corpus callosum responsible for?
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connects the two hemispheres
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How long is the first trimester?
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conception – 12 weeks
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How long is the second trimester?
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13 – 24 weeks
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How long is the third trimester?
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25 – 38/40 weeks
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What is the typical age of viability?
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22-26 weeks
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What is a teratogens?
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an environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.
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Smoking during pregnancy can cause what?
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• Increased risk of having stillborn infant
• Premature infant • Infant with low birth weight (fetal growth retardation) (the decreased infant birth weight reflect a dose – dependent relationship – the more the woman smokes during pregnancy |
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Smoking marijuana during pregnancy can cause what?
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• Born prematurely
• Low birth weight • Smaller head circumferences • Shorter |
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Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause what?
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o Short eyelid openings
o Flat midface o Thin upper lip o A flat or smooth groove between nose and upper lip • Growth retardation • IQ: many mentally retarded (i.e. have an IQ less than 70) but some children perform in the low average to average rage • Learning deficits (especially arithmetic) • Memory and attention (executive functioning) |
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What is o Autosomal diseases?
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dominant-recessive inheritance and codominance (e.g. Cystic Fibrosis and sickle cell anemia)
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What are X-linked diseases?
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diseases passed down through the X chromosome.
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What are some of the risk factors for a preterm pregnancy?
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Health care providers currently have no way of knowing which women will experience preterm labor or deliver their babies preterm,
Risk factors for preterm labor or birth: Certain infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and trichromoniasis Shortened cervix Previously given birth preterm |
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What are some of the challenges to a preterm birth?
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Low birth weight
Breathing problems because of underdeveloped lungs Underdeveloped organs or organ systems Greater risk for life-threatening infections Greater risk for a serious lung condition, known as respiratory distress syndrome They may need to stay in the hospital for several weeks or more, often in a neonatal intensive care unit Greater risk of cerebral palsy and mental retardation Greater risk for learning disabilities Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Behavioral and social-emotional difficulties asthma |
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What does it mean to be small for gestational age? SGA
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it means that the child is below the 10th percentile rank for weight regardless of fullterm or preterm
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