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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Weak Correlation
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0-.25
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Moderate Correlation
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.25-.6
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Strong Correlation
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.6-1
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Case Study
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in-depth investigation of individual or small group
Weak:not generalizable Strength:good info about individual cases; ideas for future study |
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Observation
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observe behaviors in natural setting
Strengths: researcher doesn’t influence behavior Weaknesses: no control; different interpretations |
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Standardized Tests:
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assessment instruments
Strengths:clarify differences b/t individuals Weaknesses: expensive, difficult to do well |
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Reliability:
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similar results on different occasions
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Validity
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truthfulness of a measure
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Surveys:
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questionnaires
Strengths:easy, direct Weaknesses: representative sample, loaded questions, honesty/social desirability |
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Interviews
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Strengths: real words are informative, but must be coded
Same weaknesses as questionnaire |
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Ethnographies:
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book presenting anthropologist’s detailed observations
Weaknesses: only one perspective, potentially biased |
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Psychoanalytic:
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Freud:unconscious, sexual, childhood, fixation, urges
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Psychosocial:
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Erikson: social, crisis
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Cognitive:
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Piaget:active
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Learning Behaviorist - Conditioning
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Pavlov: association, learning
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Ethological/Evolutionary (Sociobiological)
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Attachment, Aggression, Adaptive
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Sociocultural:
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Vygotsky: culture, social interaction
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Bioecological:
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Bronfenbrenner: system, context, individual
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Learning Behaviorist - Behaviorism
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Skinner: Reinforcement, punishment
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Social Learning Theory
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Bandura: Model Imitation
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Microsystem
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direct interaction over time (family, peers, friends, school)
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Mesosystem
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Interaction between 2 microsystems (family vs school; friends vs school)
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Exosystem
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Settings that child isn't a direct part of (Parents work place, school board, mass media)
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Macrosystem
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General beliefs, values, customs, and laws (NCLB, religion, holidays)
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Chronosystem
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The temporal dimension/time (historically, age of child at time of occurrence)
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Period of Zygote
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0-2 weeks
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Period of Embryo
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2-8 weeks (most critical, teratogens)
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Period of Fetus
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8 weeks - birth
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3rd month
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features all developed
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Middle 3 months
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can hear, moving a lot, detect flashes of light
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Final 3 months
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most growing
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Teratogen: Alcohol
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slowed physical and cognitive developments, wide set eyes
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Teratogen: Tobacco
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prematurity, underdeveloped lungs, more likely to smoke
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Born with 27 reflexes (list 5)
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grasp reflex, step reflex, oxygen reflex, temperature reflex, sucking reflex
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Touch
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strongest, mouths to touch
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smell
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keen, react to what mothers ate 6 hrs later
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Taste
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strong
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Hearing
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well developed, startle easily, like vacuum and hairdryer,
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Vision
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Least developed, first 6 mths hardly see distance, like patterns
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Motor skills - 3 mths
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Baby can roll over
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Motor skills - 8 mths
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Baby's crawling
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Motor Skills - 9 mths
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pulling self up (on chair), cruising
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Motor Skills - 12 mths
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walk
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Motor Skills - 6 mths
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sit up on own
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Fine Motor Skill - 4 mth
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grab onto something
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Fine Motor Skills - 6 mths
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hold something
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Fine Motor Skills - 9 mths
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Pincer grasp, eat solid foods
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Fine Motor Skills - 12 mths
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Use a spoon
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Phenotype
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What looking at, can see physically on person
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Genotype
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all genes you have, even if they don't show
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Additive genes
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most traits results of these
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Behavioral genetics
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a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities
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Heritability estimates
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measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors
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Kinship studies
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compare characteristics of family members
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