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30 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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---Knowledge is the product of direct motorbehavior --- Knowledgenot acquired from facts communicated by others or through sensation andperception |
Piaget |
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•Piaget assumed that all children passthrough a series of four universal stages in a fixed order from birth throughadolescence: –Sensorimotor –Preoperational –Concreteoperational –Formaloperational |
Piaget and his theories |
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Piaget believed that the basic buildingblocks of the way we understand the world are mental structures called ____________ organized patterns of functioning, that adapt and change with mentaldevelopment. ? Sensorimotor |
Piaget Basic Building stage |
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Assimilation •Processin which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage ofcognitive development and way of thinking Accommodation •Changesin existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with newstimuli or events |
Piaget and his theories |
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Inbornreflexes •Create center of a baby’sphysical and cognitive life •Determine nature of his or herinteractions with the worldDevelopingreflexes •Some of the reflexes begin to accommodateinfant’sexperience ----During this time, the various inbornreflexes are at the center of a baby’sphysical and cognitive life, determining the nature of his or her interactionswith the world.At the same time, some of the reflexesbegin to accommodate the infant’sexperience with the nature of the world. |
Substage 1: Simple Reflexes |
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•Infants begin to coordinate separateactions into single, integrated activities focusedon their own body •If an activity engages a baby’sinterests, infant may repeat it, simply for the sake of continuing toexperience it |
Substage 2:First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions |
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•Infantsbegin to act upon outside world •Infant’sactivity involves actions relating to the world outside ---The major difference between primarycircular reactions and secondary circular reactions is whether the infant’sactivity is focused on the infant and his or her own body (primary circularreactions), or involves actions relating to the world outside (secondarycircular reactions). |
Substage 3:Secondary Circular Reactions |
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•Infantsbegin to employ goal-directed behavior and repeat enjoyable activities •Severalschemes are combined and coordinated to generate a single act •Therealization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen isachieved (objectpermanence) |
Substage 4:Coordination of Secondary Circular Reactions |
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•Infants develop schemes regardingdeliberate variation of actions that bring desirable consequences •Infants carry out miniature experimentsto observe the consequences |
Substage 5: TertiaryCircular Reactions |
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• is the capacity for mentalrepresentation, or symbolic thought •Mental representation: Aninternal image of a past event or object •Deferred imitation: Anact in which a person who is no longer present is imitated by children |
Substage 6:Beginnings ofThought |
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object is gone and they don't realize that it is going to come back. The realization that people andobjects exist even when they cannot be seen |
Object Permanence |
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–Model that seeks to identify the way thatindividuals take in, use, and store information –Cognitive growth is characterized byincreasing sophistication, speed, and capacity in information processing |
Information-processingapproaches |
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•Encoding: Process by which information isinitially recorded in a form usable to memory •Storage: Refers to the placement of material into memory •Retrieval: Process by which material in memory storage islocated, brought into awareness, and used |
Information processing (three aspects) |
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–Making speechlike butmeaningless sounds |
•Babbling |
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Infant and Adult intelligence test cannot be compared; Cannot us infant scores to predict adulthood scores. BECAUSE they help identify developmental delays and advancements. |
what is the point of traditional measures of infant intelligence? |
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Speechin which words not critical to the message are left out |
Telegraphicspeech |
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Interest, Distress, Disgust |
Emotions can be found in newborns? |
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The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual When children experience ________________ to agiven person, they feel pleasure when they are with them and feel comforted bytheir presence at times of distress.As children become more independent, theycan progressively roam further away from their secure base. |
Attachemnt |
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Sense of being male or female |
Gender |
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•Smilingin response to other individuals By end of second year, children canpurposely smile to communicate positive emotions and are sensitive to others’expressions.
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Socialsmile |
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Stranger anxiety: The caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person Separation anxiety: The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs |
Anxiety in infants, what are the types? (two types) |
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• refers to how children behave, asopposed to what they do or why they do it Patternsof arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduringcharacteristics in an individual Differences in general disposition fromthe time of birth, initially being largely due to genetic factors, andtemperament is fairly stable well into adolescence.However, it is not fixed andunchangeable. Temperamentseems to be at least weakly related to infants’attachment to their adult caregivers.Cultural differences also have a major influence on the consequences of aparticular temperament |
Temperament |
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•Thenotion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children’stemperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they arebeing raised |
Goodness of Fit |
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Crawling Creeping Cruise |
What are the three C's of physical movement before a toddler can walk? |
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Easy Baby Difficult Baby Slow to warm baby |
What are the three main personality categories of infants? |
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Secure Ambivalent Avoidant Disorganized-Disoriented |
Tell me the four attachment patterns Ainsworth described. |
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The sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiate one individual from another |
personality |
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knowledge of oneself •Ataround 17 to 24 months, children begin to show awareness of their owncapabilities •Children’scultural upbringing also impacts the development of self-recognition |
Self-awareness |
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an approach to cognitive development that seeks use and take in and sort information |
Information processing |
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Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
Erikson has a theory about infants and toddlers. What two stages did he say infants and toddlers got through? |
