Child Development Chapter 2

Front 1

What are chromosomes?

Back 1

Packages or structures that contain genetic material. A group of 20,000 to 25,000 genes arranged in a long string.

Front 2

What is DNA?

Back 2

The molecule that contains genetic information. We inherit characteristics from Mom and Dad.

Front 3

What are chromosomes composed of?

Back 3

DNA.

Front 4

What is a gene?

Back 4

A section of DNA that contains genetic code for inherited characteristics.

Front 5

What is mitosis?

Back 5

The process by which chromosomes make copies of themselves before cell division takes place.

Front 6

What is meiosis?

Back 6

The process of cell division that produces the gametes, or sex cells, each containing 23 chromosomes. 23 chromosomes are from Mom and 23 are from Dad.

Front 7

What is a gamete and how is it formed?

Back 7

Reproductive cells that contain 23 chromosomes apiece; a sex cell, either a sperm or an egg (also called an ovum). They are formed through meiosis.

Front 8

What is a zygote?

Back 8

A fertilized ovum, during the first 2 weeks after conception.

Front 9

What is an allele?

Back 9

A variant of a gene; alleles usually come in pairs, one located on each of a pair of chromosomes.

Front 10

What is homozygous?

Back 10

Having two matching alleles for a particular characteristic.

Front 11

What is heterozygous?

Back 11

Having two different alleles for a particular characteristic.

Front 12

What is dominant-recessive inheritance?

Back 12

Pattern of inheritance that reveals the characteristic of the recessive gene only if no dominant gene is present in the organism.

Front 13

What is codominant?

Back 13

Patter of inheritance that involves the joint action of many genes, often in conjunction with environmental factors.

Front 14

What is polygenic inheritance?

Back 14

Process of inheritance that involves the input of many genes in order to control the expression of a single characteristic.

Front 15

What is X-linked inheritance?

Back 15

Pattern of inheritance in which a recessive gene is carried on the X chromosome and is thus expressed mainly in males. Inherited genetic abnormalities are mostly X-linked. (From the mother.)

Front 16

What is hemophilia?

Back 16

Inherited X-linked disorder in which blood fails to clot normally; occurs chiefly in males.

Front 17

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

Back 17

Genetic disorder that causes damage to the central nervous system if not diagnosed at birth and controlled with a special diet. A child with this disorder lacks an enzyme to break down amino acid and a baby might have it if he or she has funny smelling urine. If not treated, mental retardation can occur. Today all babies are given blood tests for it.

Front 18

What is sickle cell anemia?

Back 18

Genetic disorder in which red blood cells become sticky and shaped like crescent moons or sickles; the affected blood cells have trouble passing through small blood vessels , thereby causing blood clots to occur. It is found most commonly in African Americans, likely has a genetic adaptation to malaria that is no longer necessary.

Front 19

What is fragile X syndrome?

Back 19

An X-linked genetic disorder that is a common cause of mental retardation and intellectual impairment to include ADD and anxiety.

Front 20

What is down syndrome?

Back 20

A chromosomal disorder in which the 21st chromosome pair has an extra chromosome attached to it; causes short stature, low muscle tone, heart problems, and mental retardation, also known as trisomy 21. (3 copies of the 21st chromosome) Some other physical characteristics of those with down syndrome include slow motor development, unusual facial features, and a number of health problems. A flat facial profile, almond-shaped eyes, and unusually shaped ears are other physical characteristics.

Front 21

What are some factors that affect down syndrome?

Back 21

The age of the mother. 1/110 if 40, 1/400 if 30. There is a .01% chance to have a 2nd child with down syndrome. And men and women can both carry this genetic info.

Front 22

What are family studies?

Back 22

Research on members of a single family for the purpose of learning more about their hereditary and environmental causes of shared characteristics.

Front 23

What are twin studies?

Back 23

Research on shared identical versus fraternal twins for the purpose of learning more about the hereditary and environmental causes of shared characteristics.

Front 24

What is concordant?

Back 24

When both members of a twin pair share a characteristic such as eye color, they are said to be concordant for that characteristic.

Front 25

What are behavior genetics?

Back 25

The study of hereditary and environmental determinants of human development using methods such as family studies and twin studies.

Front 26

What is genetic counseling?

Back 26

A process in which a trained counselor reviews with a couple their family histories in an effort to assess their likelihood of conceiving a child with chromosomal or other genetic defects.

Front 27

What is ovulation?

Back 27

The release of an ovum from the ovaries.

Front 28

What is a fallopian tube?

Back 28

In the female reproductive tract, the structure that extends from ovaries to uterus, along which the fertilized ovum travels on the way to the uterus.

Front 29

What are monozygotic twins?

Back 29

Twins conceived from one ovum; after conception, the fertilized ovum splits in half, with each half having the same genetic material; also called identical twins.

Front 30

What are dizygotic twins?

Back 30

Siblings conceived when two ova are fertilized at the same time; also called fraternal twins.

Front 31

What are the 3 stages of development?

Back 31

Germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

Front 32

What is the gestational stage?

Back 32

The age of a zygote, embryo, or fetus; usually calculated in weeks after conception.

Front 33

What are trimesters?

Back 33

The three equal time periods into which a pregnancy can be divided.

Front 34

What is a fetus?

Back 34

The developing organism during the fetal period, from 8 weeks after conception until birth.

Front 35

What is the germinal stage?

Back 35

1st 2 weeks. Rapid cell division, Differentiation starts. Starts with fertilization and ends with attachment to uterine wall. 1st trimester.

Front 36

What is the embryonic stage?

Back 36

2-8 weeks. Critical period. Support structures start to develop. Umbilical cord, make body parts and systems (heart, lungs) Heart beat, 6 weeks, placenta. Provides rapid growth.

Front 37

What is the fetal stage?

Back 37

8 weeks.

Front 38

What is synapse?

Back 38

The point of connection between neurons, where the axon of one neuron transmits information to the dendrites of another neuron.

Front 39

What is synaptogenesis?

Back 39

The creation of synapses, or connections between neurons.

Front 40

What is a tertagen?

Back 40

Any environmental influence that affects the development of the baby.

Front 41

What is an ultrasound?

Back 41

Procedure that uses high-frequency (but inaudible) sound waves to create moving images of embryos and fetuses on a computer screen, used in assessment of prenatal development and for related purposes.

Front 42

What is chorionic villus sampling?

Back 42

Procedure for sampling the chorionic villi to check for birth defects; can be performed at 10 to 12 weeks' gestational age.

Front 43

What is maternal stress and how can it affect the baby?

Back 43

Any sort of stress or anxiety a mother experiences during pregnancy. There is a risk of premature delivery and affects fetal growth and infant development.

Front 44

What is maternal nutrition and how can it affect the baby?

Back 44

When a mother doesn't get enough nutrition including vitamins, calories, and minerals. In the 1st trimester, the mother should take in 100 extra calories, in the 2nd trimester, the mother should take in 265 extra calories and in the 3rd trimester the mother should take in 430 extra calories. The baby might suffer intellectual deficiencies, issues with brain development, learning disabilities and attentional problems. Women should be educated on nutrition.

Front 45

How does a mother's smoking affect a baby?

Back 45

Crying a lot, behavioral problems, slower fetal growth, death, nicotine leads to an increased risk of asthma and diabetes. A mother can be educated of these risks or go to rehab.

Front 46

How does a mother's cocaine use affect her baby?

Back 46

Cognitive development and delays (2 years), cognitive problems and evidence of developmental delays (4 years), cognitive and social deficits, learning disabilities, addiction. Cocaine by itself may not affect mothers because tests done on mothers who used cocaine either used alcohol and/or cocaine may be a marker for other problems like alcohol use. A mother should be educated about these affects, go to rehab, or be threatened with telling the authorities.

Front 47

How does a mother's marijuana use affect her baby?

Back 47

It affects birth weight and sperm count. The middle class usually has no affects but the lower class has lower reading scores, depression, and irregular brain activity.

Front 48

How a mother's alcohol use affect her baby?

Back 48

Abnormal facial features, physical and intellectual and social defects, birth defects, and neurodevelopmental issues. A mother should go through rehab.

Front 49

What are fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)?

Back 49

An umbrella term that includes all the syndromes and birth defects caused by maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Front 50

What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?

Back 50

Disorder caused by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy; the symptoms include facial abnormalities, growth deficiencies, and central nervous system problems; usually accompanied by low IQ, learning, and attention problems.

Front 51

What are alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders (ARND)?

Back 51

Mental or functional problems, such as poor school performance or low IQ that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.

Front 52

What are alcohol-related birth defects? (ARBD)

Back 52

Physical problems with heart, kidneys, bones, and/or auditory system that are associated with prenatal alcohol exposure.