• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/103

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

103 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Reciprocal relationship

-All elements of development exist together.


-All are integrally related.


-All affect one another simultaneously.


-When one changes, we see change in all domains of development.

Nomative age-graded events

Influences within the life course that are correlated with chronological age.


Ex: No matter where you live, at age 2 we can predict height by multiplying by 2.

Historical events

What is happening in the world around you? (Indirectly)


Ex:9/11

Non-nomative events.

Directly (personal catastrophe)

Humans in context

Behavior => Personal cognitive factors => Environment

Bronfenbrenner's system model

-Micro system


-Meso system


-Exo system


-Macro system


-Chrono system

Micro system

Family peers, those you have direct contact with on a daily basis.

Meso system

People you don't know. "Buffer" in nature, those who bring information to the micro system, from the exo system.

Exo system

Those who you do not have direct contact with.

Macro system

The cultural context in which the child resides (government, traditions) Furthest remove from us, exterts the most influence.

Chrono system

Change over time

Biosocial and biological

Physical and psychology in human development.

Cognitive process

Anything that you you have to think thoughts. (Thinking, speech, language, memories)

Psychosocial

Social relationships; fear, anxiety

Critical period

A time when a particular type of development growth (in body or behavior) must happen for normal development to occur.

Sensitive period

A time when a certain type of development is most likely, although it may still happen later with more difficulty. For example, early childhood is considered a sensitive period for language learning.

Plasticity

The idea that abilities, personality, and other human characteristics can change over time. Plasticity is particularly evident during childhood, but even older adults are not always "set in their ways".

Dynamic system approach

A view of human development as an ongoing, ever-changing interaction between the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial influences. The crucial understanding is that development is never static but is always affected by, and affects, many systems of development.

Cohort

People born within the same historical period who therefore move through life together, experiencing the same events, new technologies, and cultural shifts at the same ages.

Contextualism

A doctrine that emphasizes the importance of the context of inquiry in a particular question.

The science of human development

The science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

Lifelong development

Human development is a lifelong process of physical, behavioral, cognitive, and emotional growth and change.

Cognitive theory

A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time.

(Inter) Multidisciplinary

Scientists from many academic disciplines (biology, psychology, sociology, anthropology, economics, and history among them) contribute to our understanding of how and why people grow.

Scientific method

A way to answer questions using empirical research and data-based conclusions.

Theory

A comprehensive set of ideas.

Hypothesis

A specific prediction that can be tested.

Empirical

Based on observation, experience, or experiment; not the theoretical

Replication

Repeating a study, usually using different participants.

Nature

In development, nature refers to the traits, capacities, and limitations that each individual inherits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception.

Nurture

In development, nurture includes all the environmental influences that affect the individual after conception.

What makes the study of human development as study?

It depends on theories, data, analysis, critical thinking, and sound methodology, just like every other science.

Why is replication sometimes considered an essential follow-up to the five steps of the scientific method?

Scientists learn from each other, building on what has gone before. They hesitate to draw conclusions until replication has occurred.

Why is it a mistake to ask weather a human behavior stems from nature or nurture?

Both genes and the environment affect every characteristic. Nature always affects nurture, nurture affects nature.

Why are some children more affected by their environment than others ?

Because of particular genes each person has inherited.

Why do some people believe that the years of childhood are more crucial for development than the years of adulthood?

More crucial for intellectual or emotional development.

Reliability

Repeatability of your study and you get the same answer. The higher the number the more you get the same answer.

Validity

When you measure what you set out to measure.

Population

Grouping that your research applies to.

Sample

Your representative grouping of your population, the more random your research the more effective

Research methods

-Cross sectional-study


-longitudinal study


-Correlational study

Cross sectional-study

A type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population.

Longitudinal study

An observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time.

Correlational study

To look for relationships between variables.


-Positive correlation


-Negative relationship


-No relationship

Difference-equals-deficit error

The mistaken belief that a deviation from some norm is necessarily inferior to behavior or characteristics that meet the standard.

Social construction

An idea that is built on shared perceptions, not on object reality.

Culture

A system of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time and prescribe social behavior and assumptions.

Ethnic group

People whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture, and religion.

Race

A group of people who are regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance, typically skin color.

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A person's position in society as determined by income, occupation, education, and place of residence. (Social class)

Ecological-systems approach

A perspective on human development that considers all the influences from the various contexts of development.

What is the difference between a critical period and a sensitive period?

Sensitive is when development is most likely.


Critical is when development growth must happen for normal development to occur.

How is the drug thalidomide an example of critical period?

Because the drug mothers took prevented proper limb formation.

What did Bronfenbrenner emphasize in his ecological-systems approach?

All the systems; Macro, exo, meso, micro, chrono systems.

Why does it matter what cohort a particular person belongs to?

Influences attitudes and behavior.

How is the concept of plasticity both helpful and discouraging?

Helpful because change is possible.


Discouraging because development builds on what has come before.

Scientific observation

A method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording participants' behavior in a systematic and objective manner (natural setting)

Experiment

A method to determine cause and effect.

Independent variable

In an experiment, the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependant variable.

Dependant variable

In an experiment, the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds.

Survey

A research method in which information is collected from a large number of people by interviews, written questionnaires, or some other means.

Case study

An in-depth study of one person.

Cross-sectional research

A research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics.

Longitudinal research

A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time.

Cross-sequential research

A research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages and then follow those groups over the years.

How do scientific observation and experiment differ?

Scientific observation- watching


Experiment- cause and effect. Researchers control the participants.

Why do experimenters use a control group as well as an experimental group?

Experimental group- Special treatment


Comparison group- No special treatment

What are the strengths and weaknesses of the survey method?

Strength- Quick, direct way to obtain data


Weakness- Not accurate

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cross-sectional research?

Advantage- Quickest and least expensive way to study development


Disadvantage- Difficult to ensure that the various groups being compared are similar in every way except age.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of longitudinal research?

Advantage- Traces development over many years.


Disadvantage- Participants may withdraw, move, or die. Participants become aware of the goals of the study.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cross-sequential research?

Advantage- Combines Cross-sectional and longitudinal research.


Disadvantage- Historic changes can affect participants.

Code of ethics

A set of moral principles or guidelines that members of a profession or group are expected to follow.

Why does correlation not prove causation?

Just because 2 variables are correlated does not mean that one causes the other.

Why do most colleges and hospitals have an IRB?

To prevent research from being unethical.

What are the primary ethical principles used when scientists study humans?

Participants must be voluntary and confidential.

Why are some important questions about human development not yet answered?

Few funders are eager to support scientific studies of drug abuse, poverty, nonstandard families, or technology, partly because people have strong opinions and economic motives that may conflict with scientific findings and conclusions.

Developmental theory

A group of ideas, assumptions, and generalizations that interpret and illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth.

Norm

An average, or typical, standard of behavior or accomplishment.

What 3 things do theories do?

Propel science forward, inspire thousands of scientists to experiment and explain.

What is the difference between a theory and a norm?

Theories raise questions and hypothesis. Norm is an average or usual event or experience.

What is the relationship between theories and facts?

A theory can begin the process.

Psychoanalytic theory

A grand theory of human development that holds that irrational, unconscious drives and motives.

What is the basic idea of psychoanalytic theory?

Thought to influence every aspect of thinking and behavior.

What body parts are connected to the oral, anal, and phallic stage?

Mouth, anus, and penis.

Which psychosocial stage did Erikson believe was a foundation for all later relationships?

1st stage; trust vs mistrust.

In what 2 ways does Erikson's theory different from Freud's?

Erikson's stages emphasized family and culture vs sexual urges.


Erikson recognized adult development.

Behaviorism

A grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior.

Conditioning

The processes by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place.

Classical conditioning

The learning process in which a meaningful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus that had no special meaning before conditioning.

Operant conditioning

The learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted.

Reinforcement

When a behavior is followed by something desired.

Social learning theory

An extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior.

Modeling

The central process of social learning.

What is the basic idea of behaviorism?

To study observable behavior.

How does the way a nurse or doctor dress illustrate classical conditioning?

White coats cause anxiety.

In operant conditioning, why is a reinforcement different from what people often call a reward?

What some people consider a reward may be a punishment.

According to social learning, how do people choose their role models?

When the observer is uncertain or inexperienced

Grand theory

Comprehensive but outdated

Mini theory

Covers a specific area of research or development

Emergent theory

Currently being studied

Id

Pleasure principle

Ego

Keeps us safe

Superego

Not conscious, voice of parents