Child Development Ch 3 + 4

Front 1

Gamete

Back 1

A reproductive cell

Front 2

Zygote

Back 2

The single cell formed from the union of two gametes, a sperm and an ovum.

Front 3

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Back 3

The chemical composition of the molecules that contain the genes.

Front 4

Chromosome

Back 4

One of the 46 molecules of DNA (in 23 pairs) that virtually each cell of the human body contains and that, together, contain the genes.

Front 5

Gene

Back 5

A small section of a chromosome; the basic unit for the transmission of heredity.

Front 6

Allele

Back 6

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics.

Front 7

Back 7

Cell

Front 8

Back 8

Nucleus

Front 9

Back 9

Chromosome

Front 10

Back 10

DNA molecule

Front 11

Epigenetics

Back 11

The study of how environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression.

Front 12

Genome

Back 12

The full set of genes that are the instructions to make an individual member of a certain species.

Front 13

Genotype

Back 13

An organism's entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential.

Front 14

Homozygous

Back 14

Referring to two genes of one pair that are exactly the same in every letter of their code.

Front 15

Heterozygous

Back 15

Referring to two genes of one pair that differ in some way.

Front 16

23rd pair

Back 16

The chromosome pair that, in humans, determines the sex.

Front 17

XY

Back 17

A 23rd chromosome pair that consists of an X-shaped chromosome from the mother and a Y-shaped chromosome from the father. XY zygotes become male.

Front 18

XX

Back 18

A 23rd chromosome pair that consists of two X-shaped chromosomes, one each from the mother and the father. XX zygotes become female.

Front 19

How many pairs of chromosomes and how many genes does a person usually have?

Back 19

23 pairs of chromosomes (46 in all)

20,000 genes

Front 20

What causes the similarities of all humans?

Back 20

All humans have most of the same genes with identical codes.

Front 21

Why do two sisters or two brothers in the same family differ genetically?

Back 21

Some alleles from the father differ from the alleles from the mother, their combination produces a zygote unlike either parent. Thus each new person is a product of two parents but unlike either one.

Front 22

Which is more important for a person's daily life, the phenotype or genotype, and why?

Back 22

Phenotype because it is the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment

Front 23

What determines whether a baby will be a boy or a girl?

Back 23

23rd chromosome pair.

Front 24

Stem cells

Back 24

Cells from which any other specialized type of cell can form.

Front 25

Monozygotic (MZ) twins

Back 25

Twins who originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development. (Identical twins)

Front 26

Dizygotic (DZ) twins

Back 26

Twins who are formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at roughly the same time. (Fraternal twins)

Front 27

Assisted reproductive technology (ART)

Back 27

A general term for the techniques designed to help infertile couples conceive and then sustain a pregnancy.

Front 28

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Back 28

Fertilization that takes place outside a woman's body (as in a glass laboratory dish)

Front 29

Intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Back 29

An in vitro fertilization technique in which a single sperm cell is injected directly into an ovum.

Front 30

How does differentiation affect stem cells?

Back 30

In differentiation, cells specialize, taking different forms and reproducing at various rates depending on where they are located.

Front 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of being a monozygotic twin?

Back 31

Advantages: Donate an organ to their twin with no organ rejection

Front 32

What ART measures help a woman who is infertile?

Back 32

A woman can take a drug, clomid, to cause ovulation.

Front 33

What ART measures help a man who is infertile?

Back 33

The woman can be inseminated with another man's sperm.

Front 34

Phenotype

Back 34

The observable characteristics of a person, including appearance, personality, intelligence, and all other traits.

Front 35

Polygenic

Back 35

Referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.

Front 36

Multifactorial

Back 36

Referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental.

Front 37

Human genome project

Back 37

An international effort to map the complete human genetic code

Front 38

Dominant- recessive pattern

Back 38

The interaction of a heterozygous pair of alleles in such a way that the phenotype reflects one allele more than the other.

Front 39

Carrier

Back 39

A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.

Front 40

X-linked

Back 40

A gene carried on the X chromosome.

Front 41

Copy number variation

Back 41

Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs.