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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of moral development? |
Changes in people's sense of justice and of what is right and wrong, and in their behavior related to moral issues |
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What is a good way to think of how morality and aggression are related? |
On the same coin |
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What are Piaget's 3 states of moral development? |
1. heterogeneous morality 2. incipient cooperation stage 3. autonomous cooperation stage |
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What does the heterogeneous morality stage entail? What age? How is game play viewed here? |
4-7 years; rules are seen as invariant and unchangeable immanent justice -outside of our control; game play is rigid, one way to play (all win) |
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What does incipient cooperation stage entail? What age? How is game play viewed here? |
7-10; games become more clearly social; children learn rules of game, play according to this shared knowlege |
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What does the autonomous cooperation stage entail? What age? How is game play viewed here? |
10; children fully aware that game rules can be changed if the person who plays them agree |
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Give an example of a child in heterogeneous morality. What does it mean? |
Child eats cookies left by a friend; child in this stage would call the child that ate the extra cookie bad; they do not take intention into account at this stage |
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What is immanent justice? What age groups agrees with this? |
notion that rules that are broken earn immediate punishment; preschool kids |
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True or False: Piaget under estimated children s age of moral skills? |
True |
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What is the social learning approaches to morality? |
environment helps preschoolers produce and understanding and moral behavior |
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What is pro-social behavior? Give an example. |
helping behavior that benefits other. Telling child "good girl" for sharing candy; reinforcing good behavior; likely to reoccur |
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What are models? GIve an example. |
children learn moral behavior indirectly by observing others behavior The child that the girl shared with is likely to do the same "domino effect" |
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What is abstract modeling? |
a process of modeling that paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles |
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What are important domains of abstract modeling? 3 |
1. learning (via reinforcement) 2. modeling (eg. bandura) 3. balance b/t pro social reasoning and pro social behavior |
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What is empathy? |
the understanding of what another feels; the heart of moral devlopment |
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At what age does empathy begin to show? Give an example. |
At 1 year of age, a child cries out if another is crying |
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At what age to children share toys and offer gifts? For whom are these gifts for? |
2-3 years; specific people (friends who are hurt), groups of people (disenfranchised) |
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Who believed negative emotions promote moral development? Why? |
Freud; superego, oedipal conflict |
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What is altruism? What type of individuals can show this? |
behavior done to help others and requiring self-sacrifice; individuals who have unusually sophisticated levels of moral reasoning |
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What are the 4 main types of parenting? |
1. authoritarian parents 2. permissive parents 3. authoritative parents 4. uninvolved parents |
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What are the characteristics of the authoritarian parent? How do their children usually come out? |
controlling, punitive, rigid, cold their word is law, strict, unquestioning obedience from their children Children: withdraw; unsocial, depend on parent (girls), hostile (boys) |
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What are the characteristics of the permissive parent? How do their children usually come out? |
require little of their children and don't see themselves as holding responsibility for how their children turn out little or no limits on children behavior; Mean girls mom Children: dependent and moody, low socially and little self-control |
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What are the characteristics of the authoritative parent? How do their children usually come out? |
firm, set clear and consistent limits strict, loving, and emotionally supportive Children: independent, friendly, self-assertive, cooperative, strong motivation to achieve, successful and likeable |
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What are the characteristics of the uninvolved parent? How do their children usually come out? |
No interest in child, indifferent, rejecting behavior They feed, cloth and provide shelter and no more Children: unloved, emotionally detached; affects physical an cognitive, less likely to reach their genetic ceiling |
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What is neglect? Which parenting form is it likely to be seen in? |
a form of child abuse; uninvolved |
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What is a supportive parent? which parenting style is it likely to be seen in? |
parental warmth, provocative teaching, calm discussion, interest and involvement; authoritative parent |
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What is Kolhberg and Piaget both believe? |
That peers were more important than parents in moral development |
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What are two important parenting factors that promote moral development? |
1. relationship quality - warm, responsible parents with secure attachment 2. parental discipline - induction, consequences, proactive strategies |
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What was the Heinz Dilemma? |
created by Kohlberg, shows a particular sequence of moral reasoning |
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What are the 3 levels to Kohlberg's approach to moral development? |
1. preconventional morality 2. conventional morality 3. postconventional morality |
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What is preconventional morality? Name the two stages that make up this level of Kohlberg's approach to moral development. Give an example. |
1. obedience and punishment orientation 2. reward orientation saying "It's not worth stealing the drug, you'll go to jail" |
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What is conventional morality? Name the two stages that make up this level of Kohlberg's approach to moral development. Give an example. |
People approach moral problem in terms of their own position as good; responsible members of society Against stealing drug, would fee guilty 3. "good boy" morality 4. authority and social-order-maintaining morality |
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What is postconventional morality? Name the two stages that make up this level of Kohlberg's approach to moral development. Give an example. |
people condemn themselves for not stealing the drug, not living up to other moral standards; relatively rare stage 5. morality of contract, individual rights and democratically accepted laws 6. morality of individual and principles and conscience |
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What is the universal moral principal |
not killing |
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What are 3 criticisms of Kohlberg's approach to moral development? |
1. focuses on moral judgement, links w moral behavior are less strong 2. mostly western culture; western boys 3. didn't focus on empathy |
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What is Gilligan's approach to moral development? |
it describes the different ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior |
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What are the 3 stages of Gilligan's approach to moral development? |
1. orientation toward individual survival 2. goodness as self-sacrifice 3. morality of nonviolence; all violence wrong |
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Why is Gilligan's theory controversial? |
1. sexist 2. primarily western culture 3. women - communal orientation; friends together men - agentic orientation |
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What is the social domain approach? Give an example of it |
moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgement are being made at a give time Heinz Dilemma |
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What are the 3 major context of the social domain approach? |
1. moral domain - contexts - jusitce 2. social conventional domain - need for social groups to function well 3. personal domain - involving patterns of personal choice |
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What are two examples of personal choice/ freedom versus ethics? |
1. premarital sex 2. drugs |
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What is altruistic? |
done to help other and requiring clear self-sacrifice |
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What is self-serving? |
done to gain something, such as looking better in other's eyes |
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Individuals who help other show more _______________ than adolescents who are less pro socially active |
sophisticated moral reasoning |
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True or false: girls are more helpful and prosocial than boys? |
true |
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What is communal orientation? |
centering on an interest in relationships and community; typically females |
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What is agentic orientation? |
individuality and getting things done; males |
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What is the definition of aggression? Describe what it is like in preschool |
intentional injury or harm to another person can be inadvertent; both physical and verbal Some is "normative", extreme/sustained aggression is caused to concern |
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What is emotional self-regulation? |
the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity |
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At what age do children talk about feeling and self-regulate? |
2 |
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What is instrumental aggression? |
motivated by the desire to a concrete goal, Example: playing with a desirable toy that another child has; boys higher levels |
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True or False: relational aggression is usually more associated with boys? |
false |
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What is relational aggression? |
nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another's feelings; girls more likely Example: name-calling, withholding friendship, saying mean things |
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True or false: aggression is considered a relatively unstable characteristic. |
False |
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True or false: not all children make the normative decline in aggressive behavior as emotional self-regulation increases |
True |
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What is temperament? |
encompasses patterns of arousal and emotionality that are consistent and enduring characteristics of an individual
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What are 3 problem-solving skills? |
emotion regulation, intellect, ability |
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What does the social learning approaches to aggression entail? |
on fight leads to another; aggression is based on observation and prior learning, learned through direct reinforcement |
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What was Albert Bandura's study? What did this show? |
modeling of aggression; the Bobo doll experiment (social learning theory) Children feel frustration the adult expressed when playing with the doll; modeled adults behavior |
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Does viewing violence on TV and video games matter? |
Yes, it is causal but not cor-relational to their aggression |
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What did Kenneth Dodge discover? |
some children are more prone than other to assume the actions are aggressively motivated |
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What types of children are likely to have hostile attribution bias? |
Aggressive children, sometimes children with ADHD |
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What is hostile attribution bias? |
Bias in interpretation of cues; tendency to interpret the intention of other as hostile higher rates of this bias in aggressive compared to typical children |
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What percentage has the number of deaths in school-related incidents dropped? |
40% |
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What are 2 way to respond to potential violence after or before? |
1. second step - designed to teach children to recognize and understand their feelings, experience, empathy for other, make choices, and restrain anger from becoming violence 2. cooperative learning, peer meditation |
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_____% of girls and _____% of boys report experiencing some form of haraassment |
85%, 80% |
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How many US kids stay home from school to stay away from bullies |
160,000 |
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What percentage of middle school students report being bullied at some point? |
90% |
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What type of kids are bullied? |
loner and passive |
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What are the 4 types of aggression? |
1. overt 2. covert 3. reactive 4. proactive |
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What is overt aggression? What are the two types |
consists of directly confrontational behaviors 1. overt-destructive (aggression) 2. overt-non-destructive (oppositional) |
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What is cover aggression? What are the two types |
not confrontational in nature (e.g. stealing, lying) 1. covert destructive (property violations) 2. convert-non-destructive (status offences, truancy |
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What is reactive aggression? |
retaliatory, aggression, hostile viewed as a defensive reaction to a perceived threat and is characterized by anger and hostility in response |
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What is proactive aggression? |
instrumental, premeditated, proactive unprovoked and is used for personal gain (instrumental) or to influence and coerce others (bulling and dominance) planned for personal gain |
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What is oppostitional defiant disorder? 3 main parts to it. At what age is it diagnosed? |
1. angry and irritable mood; often loses temper, touchy or easily annoyed by others, often angry and resentful 2. argumentative and defiant behavior 3. Vindictiveness diagnosed before 18 |
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What is conduct disorder? When is it diagnosed? |
fighting w/ family and peers, cursing, cruel to animals, vandalizing or destroying property, cheating, skipping class, drugs, alcohol, abusive sex age 18 |
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What is Juvenile Delinquency? What are the two types of delinquents? |
1. under socialized delinquents - their part of life; antisocial p.d, more psy. problems 2. socialized delinquents - doesn't continue into adulthood (typically) |
