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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of Info processing approaches? |
-model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store info. |
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What is the definition of Approach?
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quantitative changes in our ability to organize & manipulate info. -input (sensation), output (behavior) |
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What is encoding? |
-process by which info. is recorded in memory |
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What is storage? |
-placement of material into memory |
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What is retrieval? |
-material in mem. storage is located, is brought to awareness & used |
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What is hardware? |
memory (long & short-term sensory) |
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What is software when talking about memory? |
cognitive processes that allow you to complete tasks |
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What is
Automatization? |
-degree to which an activity requires attention -requires little attention = automatic |
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What are controlled activities? |
large amounts of attention |
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What are concepts? Give an example. Who's area of study is this similar to? |
-categorizations of objects, events or people that share common properties -understanding concept of "dog" four legs, wagging tail, bark -similar to Piaget's schema or assimilation/accomodation |
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What experiment measured infants gaze, switching statues? Whom conducted the study? Explain the experiment. |
-Mickey Mouse study by Karen Wynn -found 5-mounth olds reacted differently according to whether the number of Mickey Mouse statues they saw |
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This growth occurs during ___________ when children become better at handling info.; increase their ability through speed and capacity |
school years; cognitive growth |
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_______________ is when info. processing perspectives sees changes in adolescent's cognitive abilities as evidence of gradual transformation in the capacity to take in, use, and store info. What improves during this time? |
Teenage mental growth spurt -verbal math & spatial abilities increases -memory capacity expands (greater division of attention) |
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What is
metacognition? |
-"thinking about how you think" |
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Piaget said this happened in Preoperation (ages 2-7) Egocentrism in thinking |
Egocentrism in thinking |
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What is Adolescent ego-centrism? What is their attitude during this time? |
-state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed from one's own point of view -risky behaviors, critical of authority |
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What is an Imaginary audience? |
-fictitious observers who pay as much attention to adolescents' behavior as they do themselves -teens see fictional characters, "paying" attention to them |
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What are personal fables? |
-adolescents think what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else -broken-heart -they think no one knows how they feel |
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What is Academic disidentification? |
-lack of personal identification w/ an academic domain -leads to decline level of performance of both women and blacks |
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What is a Stereotype threat? |
-black & white person in 1970 -take test to challenge their abilities -blacks usually do worse -culturally an issues ***racially biased SAT questions |
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What is memory? |
the info. processing model is the ability to encode, store, and retrieve info. -each process is important -measured quantitatively |
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what are the 3 memory storage systems? |
1. sensory memory - lasts an instant 2. short-term - 15-30 seconds 3. long-term - stored permanetly |
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What is the measurement to describe how memory improves? |
Quantitatively |
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What type of growth describes how memory capacity improves? |
-continuous growth |
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What part of the brain is memory reliant on? |
Hippocampus |
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What is infantile amnesia? What are most cases of this? |
lack of memory for experiences that occurred prior to 3 years of age -most cases - infant dreams/ memories do not go into adulthoods |
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These memories are highly susceptible to environmental changes. Give an example of this.infant memories |
infant memories -parents re-telling the story to you |
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Piaget didn't think that preschoolers were able to do this? |
Understand numbers -age 4, most can do simple addition & subtraction problems by counting |
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What is autobiographical memory? When does it occur? |
-memory of particular events from one's own life -after 3 years -accuracy - questionable -depends on cultural factors |
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What are scripts? |
-broad representations in memory of events and the order in which they occur -preschooler - think eating @ restaurant is only 3 steps 1. talk to waitress, 2. get food, 3. eat |
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During this time short-term capacity improves; recalling numbers backwards; an increase in working memory |
middle childhood |
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an understanding about the processes that underlies memory that emerges and improves during middle childhood What is an example of it? |
-Metamemory -AKA theory of mind (false belief test) -box of crayons = actually candles in box; kids w/ believe from all views there were candles |
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strategies (control strategies/neumonics) |
-grouping thinks, organizing, sorting |
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How can school-age children improve their memory? |
-they can be taught mnemonic strategies |
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keyword strategy |
-one word is paired w/ another |
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foreign language |
-word paired w/ English word that sounds similar |
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What is explicit memory? |
-memory that is conscious and that can be recalled intentionally -phone # recall |
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What is implicit memory? |
-memories of which we are not consciously aware but that affect performance & behavior -motor skills, habits, and activities that can be remembered without conscious cognitive effort |
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what are earliest memories? explicit or implicit? |
implicit |
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What 2 parts of the brain do earliest memories involve? |
-cerebellum, brainstem |
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What is attention? |
-info. processing involving the ability to strategically choose among and sort out different stimuli in the environment
-tune into stimuli, tune out others, indication of increasing cognitive control |
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Attention - getting attention |
-physical characteristics, loud noises; same for all ages |
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Attention - holding |
1. meaningful and sustaining attention 2. vary across life span, depends on age & experience. |
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How is info. initially recorded for children and adults? |
-in the sensory |
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what is planning? |
-ability to allocate attentional resources on the basis of goals that one wishes to achieve. |
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preschoolers eye movement |
-house study, they could not see the differences of the houses |
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Are children more optimistic about reaching goals? |
Yes |
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what is ADHD(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)? |
-a learning disability marked by inattention impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration and a great deal of inappropriate activity -5-10% have ADHD -medication |
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What does Forensic developmental psychology focus on? |
-The reliability of children's autobiographical memories in the context of the legal system -courtroom cases -children's memories are susceptible to suggestion (but they may recall events with conviction) |
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what is a false memory? |
-More persistent than accurate memories |
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How should we teach reading? |
-reading instruction using code-based approaches is superior to using whole-language approaches -emphasizes components of reading, sounds of letters, phonics, and how letters and sounds make words |
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What is teaching critical thinking |
-makes us use cognitive skills and strategies that increase the likelihood of solving problems, forming inferences, and making decisions appropriately and successful -no jumping to conclusions |
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What percentage of 17-year-olds can find, summarize and explain info? |
-40% |
