Chhi Notes: Test 1

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Foundations of the church

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4BC - AD 100

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Life and ministry of Jesus Christ

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4BC - AD 30

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Apostolic Witness

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30-100

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Period of Jewish Witnessing

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30-45

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Period of Missionary Beginnings

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45-68

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Period of Western Expansion

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68-100

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Pagan Domination

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100-325

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10 Major Persecutions: 2 Sporadic

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1st century

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2 Sporadic - Nero

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54-68: half-way through his reign hewent nuts; did multiple things includingburning the city of Rome (2/3 burned to the ground) Blamed the Christians – put themon poles and set them on fire; Romans finally saw he was crazyso he ran from them ending in suicide.

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2 Sporadic - Domitian

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81-96: Christians refused to worshipemperor and pay taxes to the emperor

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6 Organized

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2nd century

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6 Organized - Trajan

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98-117: G1ave Christians 3 chances to say if they were Christian or not. On the 3rd time if they said they were Christian, they were killed.

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6 Organized - Hadrian

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117-138: Didn’t like circumcision so theJews rebelled, but Christians were included in the persecution. Willing to punish Christians because theybelonged to an unlawful religion.

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Antoninus Pius

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138 - 161

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Marcus Aurelius

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161-180: He was stoic and persecutedChristians because they weren’t “exciting”a. Justin Martyr was martyred underhim

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Commodus

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180-193

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Septimus Severus

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193-211

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Two Universal

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3rd Century: everywhere, all the time

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Decius

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249-251: Universal suppression of theChristian faith. Had to sacrifice to one of the gods and received a certificatewhen you did. If you didn’t have thecertificate you were persecuted.

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Diocletian

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284-305: The worst persecutor. His son convinced him that the only thing standing in his way of absolute control of the roman empire was the Christian. So he vowed to destroy all of Christianity. Lions against the Christians came to be common sport. He failed – after a full year of exterminating Christians, there were more Christians than when he started. They did more with their deaths than their lives because they were willing to die for their faith. They would rather die than deny Christ – “if this is worth dying for, maybe it’s worth living for”.

When he failed he quit, wentback to his home, and raised cabbages.

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End of Persecution with who/when?

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Constantine and Licidious in 313 AD

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Constantine became soleEmperor and claimed Christianity as the preferred religion when?

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323

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Christianity became the official religion of Rome when?

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378

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Process of writing/publishing the Bible

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OT - 140 AD: books were written

140-220: debated which books should be included (Hebrews, Jude, 2nd Peter)

340-400: New Covenant settled

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The church in 325

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Change in the nature of faith. Sprinkling evolved. Infant mortality was high so they began infant baptisms – initially by submersion. Eventually came up with pouring over/sprinkling upon the forehead. Clinical baptism – sick people couldn’t get out of hospital beds so they sprinkled. Eventually sprinkling became a norm.

As the church grew it needed a“bishop/elder”

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Rise of the Papacy

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325-1054

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Constantine: His vision: Edict of Milan

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274-337: 312: 313

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Constantine defeated Liceneous and became sole ruler of the empire & made Christianity the official religion.

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323

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Able Roman Bishops: Anicetus

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154-165

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Able Roman bishops: Innocent I

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402-417

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Able Roman bishops: Leo I

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440-461

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Gregory I

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590-604: successfully united church and state

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Move of the capital

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330: Byzantium (before Constantine) –Constantinople (during Constantine) – Istanbul (after Muslims took over)

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Arian controversy: Alexander

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313-328: bishop in Alexandria Egypt who was taken in by Arius

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Arian Controversy: Arius

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256-336: accuses alexander of modalism (Christ is a “mode” of God – wasGod of OT, then Christ in NT, then Holy Spirit)

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Arian controversy: Athanasius

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298-373

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Arian controversy: Eusebius

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263-339

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Nestorian controversy: Apollinarius

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310-390: Mary bore Jesus, thus Mary bore God, because Jesus is God. But is Jesus also a man? God nature/human nature – which will dominate? Deity covered humanity and made it relatively insignificant

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Nestorian Controversy: Theodore

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350-452

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Nestorian controversy: Nestorius

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381-452: Mary was mother of human nature, but not God. He divided the divine and humanity, but Jesus was totally human and divine at every moment of his existence. He was God/Man union – hypostatic union.

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Council of Chalcedon

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451: Hiypostatic union came to be accepted, were united eternally in one person/two natures

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Monophysites

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553: had only one nature

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Monothelites

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681: wanted to be orthodox, but not part of the monophysites. Claimed Christ had 2 natures, but only 1 (divine) will.

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Pelagian controversy: Pelagius

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370-420: said you have a choicewhether you live a moral life or not.

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Pelagian controversy: Celestius

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said you can live above sin

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Pelagian controversy: Augustine

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354-430

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Pelagian controversy: Jerome

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345-419

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Iconoclastic controversy:

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Issue: wanted to destroy imagesin churches (focused in the East)

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Iconoclastic controversy: Leo III

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717-741

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Iconoclastic: Constantine V

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741-775

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Iconoclastic: John of Damascus

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730-760

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Ecumenical councils

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Were to decide what the church should do. Issues should be decided by the scriptures, not the bishops. However, different people interpret the scriptures different ways.

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council of I Nicea

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325

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council of I Constantinople

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381: condemned the Monatists

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council of Ephesus

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431: condemned Nestorius

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council of Chalcedon

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451: Christ had 2 natures

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council of II Constantinople

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533: condemned monophysites

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council of III Constantinople

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681: condemned monothelites

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council of II Nicea

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787: iconoclastic controversy wasn't to be tolerated

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First pope/when?

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Gregory I/590-604

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Expansion of the papacy

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600-1054

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Pepin

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751: Was already king, but was designatedto be king of the franks. Pepin gave the pope the papalstates in 751.

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Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

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800: Pope brought a crown and crownedhim “holy roman emperor” – holy roman empire was not holy, roman, or an empire

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Anarchy and confusion: pornocracy

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896-904

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Opposition to the Papacy

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325-1024

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opposition of papacy: Old Roman empire

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325-476

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Islam/Mohammed

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570-632

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Islam conquest

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632-732

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Schism (split/divide)

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1054

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Legalism (definition)

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adding something to what the Bible says in order to have salvation.

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Judaisers (Judaism) (def)

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believed people had to become Jews before they could become Christian.

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Gnosticism (definition)

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claimed to know information that was necessary in order to have salvation that others didn't know.

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Valentinus (what did he say?)

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created a system that stated God progressed through various eons... which led to Jesus... one of those eons had a miscarriage and the miscarriage became Jehovah who created the world

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Belief in female deity (def)

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closest thing was mary the mother of Jesus - made her someone they could worship

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Professionalism (def)

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elevating the clergy above the laity

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Sacramentalism (def)

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performing acts allowed you to receive the grace of God (baptism, sacraments, Lord's supper)

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Sacerdotalism

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functioning as a priest and becomes necessary when you practice sacramentalism

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Monotheism (def)

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god is one

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Adoptionism (the def)

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the belief that the father adopted Jesus as his son at the baptism and gave him up as his son on the cross

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Modalism (def)

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Jesus was a "mode" of God

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Subordination (def)

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the real deity is Jehovah and Jesus is deity with "little d"

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Who was Montanus?

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believed he was a prophet and the paraclete spoke through him

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Who were Novatianists?

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a following movement that attracted former Montanists

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Who were Donatists?

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arose after Novatianists... went before 6 bishops and were rejected... went to council & rejected...went to Constantine and rejected... "church doesn't respond to the state, but they are responsible to God"

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Codexes (def)

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the first "books" were attempts to eliminate books that were not inspired and include only books that were

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Books included in the codex:

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Hebrews, 2nd Peter, Revelation

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Books not included in codex:

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Gospel of Hebrews, Wisdom of Solomon, Shepherd of Hermas

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Which council decided the final NT books?

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Council of Carthage

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Baptizo def

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greek - the act of submersion

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Arian issue

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the person of Christ and his relationship to the father (is Christ divine? Divine with a little "d"?

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modalism def

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Christ is a "mode" of God... was God of OT, then Christ in NT, now Holy Spirit.

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Nestorian belief

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Deity covered humanity and made it relatively insignificant

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Apolinarius (310-390) believed that...

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Mary bore Jesus, thus Mary bore God, because Jesus is God.

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Nestorius (381-452)

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Mary was mother of human nature, but not God... divided the divine and humanity

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Hypostatic Union

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God/Man union

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In the council of Chalcedon in 451, what came to be accepted?

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hypostatic union (were united eternally in one person/two natures - God and man)

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Monophysites believed...

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Jesus had only one nature

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Monothelites believed...

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Jesus had two natures but only 1 will

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Pelagius (370-420) said...

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You have a choice whether you live a moral life or not

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Celestius said...

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you can live above sin

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Debate: Augustine believed what about baptism?

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infant baptism washes away original sin taint that you're born with

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Debate: Pelagian said God's grace is...

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a natural endowment given to all men (unless you disobey)

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Debate: Pelagian said what about baptism?

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you can baptize infants but its not required for salvation

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Debate: Augustine said grace is...

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given to some but not all

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Debate: who won?

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Augustine

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Iconoclastic wanted to do what?

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destroy images in churches (mostly in the East)

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who was the first hermit?

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Antony

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Pachomius came up with what idea?

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group of monks living together in a community

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Founded the first monastery just south of Rome

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Benedict

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Given credit for spreading Christianity to England

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Augustine (the monk)

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who decided that monasticism had become corrupt and needed fixed, thus putting the Pope in charge of monasteries (as well as already being in charge of the church)

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Cluny

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Who made a deal with God that if he won the battle the next day he would follow God?

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Clovis

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Who was the first pope? and what did he do?

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Gregory I (590-604); united church and state with a church over state

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who gave the pope papal states?when?

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Pepin in 751

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Pope brought a crown and crowned this person holy roman emperor in 800

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Charlemagne

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What did the donation of Constantine say? (forged document)

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it gave authority to bishop of Rome to be in charge of Rome and everything West... It was because of this Charlemagne got his title and was crowned holy roman emperor.

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what is feudalism?

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socio-economic system based on the ownership of land

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During medieval times - anarchy and confusion known as?

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pornocracy (896-904)

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Opposition of the Papacy.... early church fathers

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Apostolic foundation, simon peter, primacy of Rome

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Opposition of the Papacy... cities

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Antioch, Alexandria, Constantinople, Jerusalem

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What were the tragedies of Mohammed?

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His father died before his birth. 4yo he had a disease (looks like epilepsy) – he would have seizures. 6yo his mother dies – goes to live with grandfather. 9yo Then his grandfather dies - cared for by uncle. 25yo married to a widow Khadija who is 40yo. All 3 of his sons died. Khadija died. Married 12 other women – finally has one son… and he dies. Had no sons to carry on his later work .

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Conquest of Islam

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Egypt, Persia, N. Africa, Spain

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who stopped the advance of islam in spain?

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Charles Martel, King of Franks

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who are the prophets of islam?

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Moses, Jesus, Mohammad

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Doctrine of Islam

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Monotheistic, fault Christians for having 3 gods.

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The Quran

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their holy book; the finalrevelation supersedes OT and NT; dictated by God through angel Gabriel toMohammad – even though Mohammad was illiterate

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Salvation in Islam

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Salvation is achieved by works –submitting to Allah (Islam means submission); pray 5x daily, conduct holy war,make pilgrimage to mecca if possible – Kaaba (the building there); never knowwhen you’ve done enough good works – unless you are involved in jihad and dieat the hands of martyrdom and get 27 virgins.

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Who looked for cause to have schism?

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Michael Cerularius... 1. opposed by pope Leo 9thon July 16, 1054. He created a bowl of excommunication of St. Sophie’s churchin Constantinople – damning the pope to the fires of hell. The E was foreverseparated from W.