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99 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Anterior mediastinal masses
Retrosternal goiter
Elongated/aneurysmal dilatation of the innominate artery
Thymic masses
Germ cell neoplasms
Lymphoma
Ascending aortic aneurysm
Rare: lymphangioma, mesenchymal tumors, parathyroid tumors, Morgagni’s hernia, Castleman’s disease
Thymic masses:
thymoma (>40 y/o)
nodular hyperplasia
lymphoma/leukemia
carcinoma
carcinoid
thymolipoma
thymic cyst (congenital, s/p XRT in Hodgkin’s disease)
Middle mediastinal masses
Lymph node enlargement
Bronchogenic cyst
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Aortic aneurysm
Esophageal carcinoma, duplication cyst
Chronic mediastinitis (TB, histoplasmosis)
Tracheal neoplasms: adenoid cystic carcinoma, mixed salivary gland tumor, carcinoid, SCC, adenocarcinoma
Castleman’s disease (usually hyaline vascular type)
Liposarcoma
Posterior mediastinal masses
Neurogenic neoplasm: neurofibroma, schwannoma, neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma
Vertebral neoplasm: osteochondroma, ABC, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, myeloma, metastases
Abscess
Descending aortic aneurysm
Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Lateral thoracic meningocele: NF-1
Fatty mediastinal masses
Neoplasm: lipoma/sarcoma, thymolipoma, teratoma
Other: medistinal lipomatosis, herniated fat, epicardial fat pad, extramedullary hematopoiesis, chylolymphatic cyst

Mediastinal lipomatosis
Lipoma/liposarcoma
Thymolipoma
Morgagni’s hernia with omentum
Epicardial fat pad
Paraesophageal hernia with fat
Extramedullary hematopoiesis (rarely fatty)
Chylolymphatic cyst
Teratoma
Cystic Mediastinal masses
Thymic cyst
Cystic degeneration of thymic Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Germ cell tumors
Foregut cyst
Neurenteric cyst
Meningocele
Pancreatic pseudocyst
Lymphangioma
Abscess
Hematoma
Goiter, cystic elements
Diffuse mediastinal widening
Lipomatosis
Lymphoma
Small cell bronchogenic carcinoma
Mediastinitis
Anaplastic/poorly differentiated SCC
Hematoma
Pneumomediastinum (7)
Spontaneous: asthma, coughing, decompression during diving
Barotrauma
Tracheobronchial injury
Vomiting (Boerhaave’s syndrome)
Extension from retroperitoneum or neck
Post-operative (<1 week NL)
Positive-pressure ventilation
AS HIT mnemonic:
Pneumomediastinum:
asthma
spontaneous
hyaline membrane disease
iatrogenic (surgery, chest tube)
trauma (esophageal rupture)
Mediastinitis, infectious
Esophageal perforation: endoscopy, tumor, Boerhaave’s syndrome
Post-operative infection
Cervical infection spreading caudally
Mediastinitis, fibrosing
Histoplasmosis
TB
Autoimmune disease (may be associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis, sclerosing cholangitis, Reidel’s thyroiditis, orbital pseudotumor)
Methysergide
Bilateral hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Sarcoidosis
Bronchogenic carcinoma (usually unilateral)
Lymphoma
TB (usually unilateral)
Histoplasmosis
Coccidiodomycosis (usually unilateral)
Mycoplasma pneumonia
Viral disease
Bacterial infection (usually unilateral)
Leukemia
Metastases from extrathoracic primaries
Silicosis
Cystic fibrosis
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
Hilar/mediastinal lymphadenopathy in AIDS
Kaposi’s sarcoma
TB, MAI
Lymphoma
Cryptococcus
Unilateral hilar enlargement
TB, coccidiodomycosis, histoplasmosis
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lymphoma
Surgical shunt
Post-stenotic from pulmonary valvular stenosis, pulmonary artery coarctation
Pulmonary embolism
Partial absence of left pericardium
Pulmonary AVF
Mediastinal calcification
Lymph node, treated lymphoma
Granulomatous disease: histoplasmosis, TB, coccidiomycosis
Silicosis
Contrast material (pseudo calcification)
Sarcoidosis
Teratoma
Egg shell calcification
Silicosis
Sarcoidosis
Pneumoconiosis of coal workers (rare)
Lymphoma after radiation (rare)
Cardiac calcification
Aortic/mitral valves
Coronary arteries
Annulus of aortic/mitral valves (C- or J-shaped)
Pericardium (constrictive pericarditis)
Myocardium
Endocardium (thrombus)
Tumors (myxoma, rare)
Focal tracheal mass
Inflammatory polyp/papilloma: after instrumentation or tracheotomy
Mixed salivary gland tumor: adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Tracheal SCC, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma
Invasion from cancer of lung, larynx, thyroid, esophagus
Metastases: RCC, breast, colon, melanoma
Lymphoma
Other tumors: neurogenic, smooth muscle, fibromas, hemangiomas, chondromas
Hematoma
Papillomatosis
Rare causes: Rheumatoid, sarcoidosis, coccidioidomycosis, scleroderma, Wegener’s granulomatosis, foreign body, amyloidosis
Diffuse tracheal narrowing
Saber-sheath trachea (COPD)
Relapsing polychondritis
Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica (50 y/o male)
Amyloidosis
Others: RA, scleroderma, Wegener’s granulomatosis
Focal tracheal narrowing
Traumatic stricture: post-intubation or tracheotomy
Neoplasms
Infectious/inflammatory masses: TB, histoplasmosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis
Extrinsic compression: vascular ring, neoplasm, goiter
Vascular ring, pulmonary sling
Congenital complete tracheal ring (rare)
Tracheomalacia
Overinflated ETT cuff
Trauma
XRT
TE fistula
Complication of surgical repair
Relapsing polychondritis
Extrinsic mass effect
Bronchial obstruction
MEAT FACE mnemonic:
Mucous plug
Endobronchial granulomatous disease: broncholith in TB, histoplasmosis
Adenoma
TB
Foreign body
Amyloidosis, atresia (bronchial)
Carcinoma (primary)
Endobronchial metastases: renal, thyroid, melanoma, breast, colon
Lobar/segmental atelectasis
Intraluminal: foreign body, mucous plug (CF, asthma with ABPA, post-operative), bronchial metastasis (RCC, breast, colon, melanoma)
Mural: non-small cell carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, carcinoid tumor, hamartoma, non-infectious granulomatous disease (sarcoidosis, Wegener’s granulomatosis), infectious granulomatous disease (TB, fungal infections), collagen vascular disease (rheumatoid bronchostenosis), congenital bronchial atresia, bronchiectasis, trauma (fractured bronchus), middle lobe syndrome (TB, MAI), lymphadenopathy
Solitary pulmonary nodule, <3 cm
Malignant neoplasm: bronchogenic carcinoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, carcinoid (peripheral in 20%), pleural fibroma, solitary metastasis from colon, kidney, ovary, testes, melanoma
Inflammation/infection: granuloma from post-primary TB, histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis, cryptococcus, hydatid cyst, round atelectasis, plasma cell granuloma (child), rheumatoid nodule
Benign neoplasm: hamartoma, lipoma, fibroma, neurogenic tumor, intraparenchymal lymph node
Splenosis or endometrial tissue
AVM, hemangioma, pulmonary vein varix
Infarct
Bronchogenic cyst (peripheral in 15%) or pulmonary sequestration
Caplan’s syndrome (RA & coal worker’s pneumoconiosis)
Progressive massive fibrosis
Pseudo mass: rib fracture with callus, pulmonary vein end-on
Solitary mass, >3cm
Brochogenic carcinoma
Tuberculoma, histoplasmoma
Hydatid cyst (uncommon)
Hamartoma
Abscess
Bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma
Solitary metastasis
Rheumatoid nodule
Bronchogenic cyst
PMF
Lung CA T1:
<3 cm nodule
Synchronous lung cancers occur how often?
1-2%
localized fibrous tumor of the pleura affects
visceral pleura
Multiple nodules/masses, any size
Neoplasm: Mets, lymphoma, papillomatosis, BAC, hamartoma;
Infection: TB, fungal, viral, PCP
inflammatory: sarcoid, RA, EG;
Other: amyloid, AVMs, trauma, mucous
Miliary nodules, <10mm
TB, histoplasmosis, coccidiodomycosis, blastomycosis, South American paracocci
Hematogenous metastases: thyroid, melanoma, choriocarcinoma, osteosarcoma
Inhalational lung disease: silicosis, pneumoconiosis of coal workers, berylliosis
Viral pneumonias: varicella
Multifocal BAC
Sarcoidosis
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
Rare: microlithiasis, hemosiderosis, amyloidosis
TEMPS BV mnemonic:
miliary nodules:
TB/fungal
EG
metastases
pneumoconioses
silicosis
sarcoidosis
BAC
viral pneumonia
Calcified pulmonary nodules
HAM TV’s mnemonic:
Histoplasmosis, hamartoma
Amyloidosis, alveolar cell carcinoma
Mitral stenosis (pulmonary ossification), metastases (thyroid, osteosarcoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma)
TB
Varicella
Silicosis
Cavities, thick-walled
Bronchogenic carcinoma: SCC, BAC/adenocarcinoma (rare), others never
Primary lymphoma (rare)
Metastases: SCC of head and neck, cervix, esophagus
Cavities, thin-walled
Blebs, bullae, Traumatic lung cyst/Pneumatocele, bronchogenic cyst, Congenital cyst
Other: mets, papillomatosis, bronchiectasis, emphysema
Cavities with air-fluid level
Cavitating bronchogenic carcinoma
TB
Mycetoma
Pulmonary bullae, infected or non-infected
Infected lung cyst
Lung laceration with liquefied hematoma
Infected sequestration
Necrobiotic rheumatoid nodule
Cavitary pulmonary infarct
Infection of pre-existing cavity
Wegener’s granulomatosis
Consolidation, lobar/segmental
Pneumonia
Infarction
Lung contusion
Focal edema: positional, RUL with rupture of anterior mitral valve leaflet (MR)
Radiation
BAC
Lymphoma
Alveolar proteinosis
Hemorrhage
Pulmonary Edema (PCWP in mmHg)
Vascular redistribution (12-17)
Interstitial edema (18-25)
Alveolar edema (>25)
Often occurs in CHF, volume overload, renal failure
Atypical pneumonia:
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia psittaci
Coxiella burnetti
Viral pneumonia:
adenovirus
varicella
influenza
RSV
measles
parainfluenza
Lofgren’s syndrome (features (3) and prognosis):
Sarcoidosis with erythema nodosum and arthralgias
carries a good prognosis
CD4 >200:
TB
bacterial pneumonias (staphylococcus, H. influenza, mycoplasma, legionella)
CD4 200-50:
PCP
Kaposi’s sarcoma
CD4 <50 (3):
CMV
MAI
AIDS-related lymphoma
AIDS with pleural effusion, LAD, airspace consolidation:
Kaposi’s sarcoma (201Tl positive)
XRT pneumonitis occurs at
1-3 months
XRT fibrosis occurs at
9-12 months
Tubular densities
Mucoid impaction (ABPA, CF)
congenital (bronchial atresia)
tumor (carcinoid, bronchogenic carcinoma)
AVM
Pulmonary vein varix (left atrium)
Bronchiectasis
Bronchiectasis
Congenital: bronchial atresia, Kartagener’s syndrome, CF, a-1-antitrypsin disease, Williams-Campbell syndrome, Mournier-Kuhn syndrome, hypogammaglobulinemia, impaired mucocilliary clearance
Post-infectious: measles, Whooping cough, TB, Swyer-James syndrome, ABPA
Necrotizing infection: aspiration
Bronchiolitis obliterans
Idiopathic, Infection, Toxic: inhalation, Drugs,
GVHD/Autoimmune disease, S/p lung transplant
Fleeting infiltrates
Allergic reactions
Drugs
Parasites
Inhaled antigens
Loeffler’s syndrome
Allergic aspergillosis
Recurrent edema
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia with treatment
Pneumocystis pneumonia bleeding into the lung
Peripheral infiltrates
Loeffler’s disease (acute eosinophilic pneumonia)
Chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
Organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Vasculitis
Fungal infections
Hemorrhagic metastases
Septic emboli
Resolving pulmonary edema
Ground glass opacities
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Acute alveolitis: DIP, IPF, viral pneumonia
Organizing pneumonia (BOOP)
PCP
Alveolar proteinosis
Eosinophilic pneumonia
Drugs
Pulmonary edema
Bronchovascular distribution
Kaposi’s sarcoma
Sarcoidosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Lymphoma
Increased lung volumes (chronic disease)
CF
COPD
EG
LAM/TS
Diffuse air space consolidation
Edema, Pneumonia, Hemorrhage, alveolar proteinosis, Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Pneumonia:
PCP
fungus
bacteria
aspiration
Hemorrhage:
idiopathic pulmonary hemosiderosis (child)
Goodpasture’s syndrome
bleeding diathesis
anticoagulation therapy
renal failure
collagen vascular disease (SLE, scleroderma, HSP)
trauma
bronchiectasis
tumor
bronchitis
Chronic air space consolidation
Alveolar proteinosis
Lymphoma
Pseudolymphoma (small lymphocytic infiltrate similar to lymphoma but stains different immunohistochemically)
BAC
Sarcoidosis
Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis
TB, fungus (rare)
Lipoid pneumonia (rare)
SAD FALL mnemonic
chronic consolidation:
sarcoidosis
alveolar proteinosis
DIP
fungus/TB
alveolar cell carcinoma
lymphoma/pseudolymphoma
lipoid pneumonia
Multifocal or diffuse transient air space consolidation
Recurrent edema
Recurrent inhalation of toxins
Recurrent exposure to extrinsic allergens (hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Recurrent hemorrhage
Intermittent treatment of sarcoidosis
Diffuse interstitial disease
SCHLITZ mnemonic:
Sarcoidosis
Collagen vascular disease, CF
Histiocytosis
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Tuberous sclerosis
Pneumoconioses
Basal interstitial disease
BALD ASS VR mnemonic:
Bronchiectasis
Aspiration (including mineral oil)
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis, drugs
Asbestosis, a-1-antitrypsin disease
Sarcoidosis
Scleroderma, RA
Viral pneumonitis
Rheumatoid lung, dermatomyositis/polymyositis
Stages of sarcoidosis
0: NL CXR
1: mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy
2: mediastinal/hilar lymphadenopathy and parenchymal disease
3: parenchymal consolidation only
4: honeycomb lung
interstitial lung disease, chronic septal thickening
Chronic pulmonary edema
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
Veno-occlusive disease (rare)
Congenital lymphangiectasia (rare)
Lymphangitic carcinomatosis
2 neck, 2 chest, 2 abdomen, 2 pelvis mnemonic:
Thyroid, laryngeal carcinoma
Breast, lung
Stomach, pancreas, colon
Prostate, bladder carcinoma
Drug toxicity (chronic pneumonitis/fibrosis)
Bleomycin
Busulphan
BCNU
Nitrofurantoin
Amiodarone
Cyclophosphamide
MTX
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Laryngospasm
Aspiration
Neurologic (bleed, tumor, trauma), raised intracranial pressure
Rapid re-expansion of lung
Drug or transfusion reaction
Inhalation of noxious agent: smoke, chemicals
Heroin
Early ARDS due to shock, sepsis, trauma
Honeycomb lung
PISSER mnemonic:
pneumoconiosis
IPF
sarcoidosis
scleroderma
EG
rheumatoid lung
Upper lung fibrosis/hilar elevation
Post-primary TB
Radiation for breast or head and neck tumors
Sarcoidosis in chronic destructive phase
PMF
Histoplasmosis
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis (uncommon)
Ankylosing spondylitis (rare)
Upper lung interstitial disease
CASSET P mnemonic:
CF
Ankylosing spondylitis
Silicosis, berylliosis (indistinguishable from sarcoidosis)
Sarcoidosis
EG
TB
PCP
Multiple ill-defined nodules, 5–20mm
Non-infectious granulomatous disease
Infectious granulomatous disease
Metastases
BAC
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Pneumoconiosis
Drug reaction
Non-infectious granulomatous disease:
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
sarcoidosis
rheumatoid lung
Wegener’s disease
Infectious granulomatous disease:
TB
histoplasmosis
coccidiodomycosis
viral pneumonia
Interstitial markings with pneumothorax (5)
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
Sarcoidosis
Any interstitial lung disease
CF
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis
PCP
Unilateral hyperlucent lung
Mastectomy
congenital absence of pectoral muscle (Poland syndrome)
Proximal interruption/hypoplasia of the pulmonary artery, massive emboli
Central airway obstruction with air trapping
brochiolitis obliterans
Swyer-James/Macleod syndrome
congenital lobar emphysema
atelectasis with compensatory hyperinflation
Pneumothorax (supine)
Giant bullous emphysema (young male)
Post-transplant native lung emphysema
pleural effusion opposite side
Bilateral hyperlucent lungs
emphysema
a-1-antitrypsin disease
methylphenidate abuse
Common pneumoconioses with fibrosis (3):
silcosis
pneumoconiosis of coal workers
asbestosis
Common pneumoconioses without fibrosis:
stannosis (tin)
siderosis (iron)
barytosis (barium)
Allergenic pneumoconioses:
berylliosis
cadminosis
Organic dust pneumoconioses:
farmer’s lung (fungi)
bagassosis (sugar cane)
byssinosis (cotton)
bird fancier’s lung (bird proteins)
sequoiosis (tree protein)
Pneumothorax with otherwise NL CXR
Blebs, bullae
TB
Trauma
Metastases: osteosarcoma
Asthma
Decompression (diving)
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
Spontaneous (tall, thin young male)
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Underlying disease: blebs, interstitial, asthma, CF, mets
Infection: PCP
Other: sarcoid, EG

Blebs
TB
Metastasis
Asthma
Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis
Sarcoid
Any interstitial disease
CF
PCP
Unilateral pleural effusion with NL lungs
Pleural metastases: adenocarcinoma of breast, lung
TB
Collagen vascular disease: rheumatoid lung, SLE
PE
Trauma
Chylothorax
Pancreatitis
Meig’s syndrome
Post-pericardiotomy syndromes
Subphrenic abscess
Asbestos-related pleuritis
Peritoneal dialysis
Viral pleuritis (rare)
Mesothelioma
Left-sided pleural effusion
PE
Constrictive pericarditis
Aortic dissection with rupture
Trauma
Boerhaave’s syndrome
Pancreatitis
Trauma to upper thoracic duct
Apical left heart failure
Right-sided pleural effusion
Left heart failure
Cirrhosis
S/p liver transplant
Subphrenic abscess
Ascites
Pleural effusion with lung consolidation/mass
Bronchogenic carcinoma
Lymphoma
Metastases
Empyema
Pancreatitis
Pneumonia
PE with infarct
Trauma with hydrothorax
Pneumonia causing pleural effusion:
anaerobes
staphylococci
Klebsiella
fungi
mycoplasma
virus
amebic abscess
Pleural mass
Mesothelioma
Metastases from extrathoracic tumor
Metastatic lung adenocarcinoma
Resolving empyema, hematoma
Rib lesion
Loculated effusion
Extrapleural lipoma
Post-inflammatory fibrin ball
Transpleural extension of invasive thymoma
Splenosis
Localized fibrous tumor of the pleura
Pleural calcification-Unilateral:
asbestos pleural plaques
healed bacterial or tuberculous empyema
organized hemothorax
Pleural calcification-Bilateral:
asbestosis
Pleural thickening
Healed empyema
Resolved hemothorax
Resolved asbestos pleuritis
Confluent pleural plaques
Extrapleural fat
SLE
S/p thoracic surgery
Complete opacification of hemithorax
FAT CHANCE mnemonic:
Fibrothorax (TB)
Adenomatoid malformation
Trauma (hemothorax)
Collapse
Hernia
Agenesis of lung
Neoplasm: mesothelioma
Consolidation
Effusion
Unilateral elevated hemidiaphragm
Subpulmonic effusion (pseudo elevation)
Lobar atelectasis
S/p resection
Congenital small lung
Phrenic nerve paralysis
Hypoplastic lung (usually right side)
Subdiaphragmatic abscess, mass
Traumatic rupture of diaphragm
Diaphragmatic tumor
Phrenic nerve paralysis:
iatrogenic
bronchogenic carcinoma
surgery
trauma
Diaphragmatic tumor:
lipoma
lymphoma
mesothelioma
hernia (Bochdalek, Morgagni)
eventration
Bilateral elevated hemidiaphragm
Shallow inspiration
Restrictive lung disease
Obesity, pregnancy, ascites, abdominal mass
Muscle weakness (from SLE, myasthenia gravis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
Chest wall mass
Mesodermal tumor
Neurogenic tumor
Bone tumor
Vascular tumor
Hematoma
Infection: actinomycosis, nocardiasis, blastomycosis, TB
Rib lesion with surrounding soft tissue mass
Metastases
Multiple myeloma
Lymphoma
Fibrosarcoma
Neurofibroma
Osteitis: TB, mycosis, nocardiasis, blastomycosis
trauma
renal osteodystrophy
Cushing’s syndrome
Radiation
Malignant chest wall tumor, child
Ewing’s sarcoma
Neuroblastoma
Askin’s tumor (neuroectodermal small cell tumor)
Rhabdomyosarcoma