Chen 311: Exam 1 Review

Front 1

What are the 7 steps for ethical problem solving strategy?

Back 1

1. Define
2. Brainstorm
3. Analyze
4. Plan
5. Seek Confirmation
6. Do it
7. Reflect

Hint 1

D,B,A,P,SC,DI,R

Front 2

What are the four types of ethics theories (for this class)?

Back 2

Virtue, Utilitarian, Rights, Duty

Front 3

What is an argument?

Back 3

The reason for doing or believing what is being recommended.

Front 4

What is a conclusion?

Back 4

The primary claim of the argument.

Front 5

What is a premise?

Back 5

A supporting claim in an argument.

Front 6

What does deductively valid mean?

Back 6

That assuming the truthfulness of the premises, the conclusion is true.

Front 7

What does deductively sound mean?

Back 7

The argument is not only valid (the conclusion logically follows from the premises) but also the premises are true.

Front 8

What is the process of argument reconstruction?

Back 8

Decomposing the facts and claims of an argument and reassembling them into a better organized sequence and explanation.

Front 9

What does inductively forceful mean?

Back 9

The premises of an argument may not follow logically (for all cases) but there is enough likeliness for a large portion of the possible cases to fall to this conclusion.

Front 10

What is rhetoric?

Back 10

Try to persuade thinking, believing or doing without the use of reasons for so doing, only relying on the power of words.

Front 11

What is a rhetorical ploy?

Back 11

A statement or idea that does NOT rely on an argument or supporting facts.

Front 12

What is a rhetorical fallacy?

Back 12

A statement or idea that does rely on an argument, but the logic is usually invalid.

Front 13

What's the main category of rhetorical ploys used?

Back 13

Appealing to Feelings.

Front 14

Define "Appeal to Novelty".

Back 14

You want the latest and greatest. Deals with vanity and pride, although we often delude ourselves with higher justificiations.

Front 15

Define "Appeal to Popularity".

Back 15

Peer-pressure induced desire to not be left out. The illusion that if we follow the crowd, we'll achieve our dreams/fantasies.

Front 16

Define "Appeal to Compassion or Pity".

Back 16

The use of images or stories of people who are much less fortunate than us, which generally tends to "pull the wool" over our eyes. These people can be helped in many ways alternative to the typical suggested action.

Front 17

Define "Appeal to Hipness or Attractiveness"

Back 17

The illusion that we'll be "all that", or sexy and cool if we use a particular product.

Front 18

Define "Appeal to Fear".

Back 18

Works by scaring people to action by portraying an idea or event as a horrible thing and that it will exponentially worsen if nothing is done about it.

Front 19

What are the five (5) "Appeal to" ploys?

Back 19

Novelty, Popularity, Compassion, Hipness, Fear

Hint 19

NiPCHoF

Front 20

What are the five (5) other ploys?

Back 20

Direct Attack, Buzzwords, Scare Quotes, Equivocation, Implicature

Hint 20

DaBSqEIm

Front 21

Define "Direct Attack or Hard Sell".

Back 21

Frequent repetition of the bottom line of an idea, like "Buy this." or "Come to Utah". Kind of like a brainwashing trick, reasons are not usually given.

Front 22

Define "Buzzwords".

Back 22

The use of words commonly recognized to have a very charged emotional connection.

Front 23

Define "Scare Quotes".

Back 23

Using quotations to discredit or demean the significance or validity of a particular word, often casting negative judgment on the target.

Front 24

Define "Equivocation".

Back 24

Using vague or ambiguous wording to induce a particular effect. This is often used and then denied, since you can't pinpoint the exact meaning of the wording.

Front 25

Define "Implicature".

Back 25

Assuming an implied statement is true, even though it's never mentioned.

Front 26

What are the eight (8) rhetorical fallacies?

Back 26

Majority belief, Ad Hominem, Appeal to Authority, Cause and Effect, Begging the Question, Strawman, Slippery Slope, Red Herring.

Hint 26

MAd ACE BuQSSR

Front 27

Define "Majority Belief/Common Practice".

Back 27

Fallacy is this: if most people do something, so should we.

Front 28

Define "Ad hominem".

Back 28

Discrediting a person's viewpoint or position based on facts or rumors about the person rather than the merits of the viewpoint.

Front 29

Define "Appeal to Authority".

Back 29

Someone famous or smart does it, so that means it's good.

Front 30

Define "Cause and Effect".

Back 30

Falsely attributing a cause to an effect due to either correlation (not causation) or convenient argument doctoring.

Front 31

Define "Begging the Question".

Back 31

Circular reasoning. A is true because B is true. Why B? Well, because of A.

Front 32

Define "Straw Man".

Back 32

Also called Fallacy of Extension, it means that the target has his/her viewpoint misrepresented, often exaggerated to an extreme so comparison seems ridiculous.

Front 33

Define "Slippery Slope".

Back 33

Assumes one step in a particular direction will inevitably lead to other regrettable steps and consequences.

Front 34

Define "Red Herring".

Back 34

Completely distracting someone by using a completely irrelevant piece of information. This distraction is usually powerful enough to fool the listener into thinking it is important and relevant.

Front 35

What's the general critical thinking process?

Back 35

1. Quarantine
2. Analyze validity (separate rhetoric)
3. Analyze soundness
4. Accept/Reject
5. Update over time

Hint 35

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