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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Radiation causes what?
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free radicals
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What do free radicals do?
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destroy the nucleus
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Why do you give Vit E to cancer pts?
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gets free radicals in the blood under control
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Besides Vit E, what other vitamins should you give to cancer pts?
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folate
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What does chemotherapy do in general?
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it stops rapidly dividing cells
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Why is chemo only given once a week?
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because rapidly dividing cells take 1 week (7 days) to regenerate
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What do antimetabolites do in the treatment of cancer?
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take the place of nucleotides
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What are the 6 antimetabolites to treat cancer?
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ARA-A, ARA-C, 5-FU, 6-mercaptopurine, thioguanine, and methotrexate
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What is ARA-A?
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adenine analog
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What is ARA-C?
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cysteine analog
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What does 5-FU do?
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blocks thymidylate synthase- decreases thymidine
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What does 6-mercaptopurine do?
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takes the place of purines
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What are the purines?
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A, G
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What does thioguanine do?
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takes the place of guanine
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What does methotrexate do?
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inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
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Why is methotrexate important to fight cancer?
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is blocks folate to THF which is needed to make nucleotides
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What is the most commonly used antimetabolite?
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methotrexate
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Besides cancer, what else is methotrexate used for?
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to treat molar pregnancies, and steroid resistant disease
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What type of cancers are antimetabolites used for?
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fast cancers
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What specific cancer is 5-FU and levamisole used to treat?
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stage 3 colon cancer
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When should you not use 6-mercaptopurine?
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when the pts. has a history of gout
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What should you give with methotrexate to prevent megaloblastic anemia? Why does methotrexate cause megaloblastic anemia?
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a def. of folate causes megaloblastic anemia and you should give leucovorin to prevent it (only good cells can use it)
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What is the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd line of treatment for steroid resistant disease?
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methotrexate, azothioprine, and cyclosporine
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What cancers are DS DNA?
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slow
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What cancers are SS DNA?
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fast
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What do alkylating agents do?
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bind DS DNA
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Alkylating agents are used to treat what cancers?
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slow cancers
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What side effects do alkylating agents cause?
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nausea and vomiting
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What is used to treat the nausea and vomiting associated with alkylating agents?
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Ondansetron- serotonin blocker
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When do slow cancers typically present?
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> 40
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Bleomycin and busulphan causes?
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pulmonary fibrosis
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Adriamycin causes? What is given with this? Why?
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cardiac fibrillation- given with desroxzasane for free radicals
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Cisplatin causes? Where does it affect first?
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renal failure- PCT effected first
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What does cyclophosphamide cause? What is given with this and why?
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hemorrhagic cystitis- mesna for free radicals
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What does hydroxyurea cause?
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raises hemo F in sickle pts.
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What does melphalan treat?
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multiple myeloma
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What do procarbazine, dacarbzine, and chlorambucil treat?
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Hodgkin's lymphoma
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What are the clues that a cancer is fast growing?
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acute, anaplastic, sarcoma, and carcinoma
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What do you use to treat fast growing cancers?
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antimetabolites
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What are the 3 microtubule inhibitors?
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vinblastine, vincristine, paclitaxel
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How do vinblastine and vincristine work?
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blocks microtubules from coming together- arrests at prophase
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How does paclitaxel work?
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blocks microtubules from separating- arrests in metaphase
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What is the side effect of vinblastine?
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aplastic anemia
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What is the side effect of vincristine?
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neuropathy and knocks out sperm
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Are microtubule inhibitors used for fast or slow cancers?
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fast
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What drug is used to deplete nutrients?
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L-asparaginase
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What does L-asparaginase cause?
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anaphalaxis
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What is levamisole?
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immunomodulator
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What does levamisole do?
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enhances NK ability to kill cancer cells
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What do etoposides do?
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block topoisomerases
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Where is 90% of the body's SER?
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liver
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What does SER do?
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detox and steroid synthesis
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What is the only protein completely processed in the SER?
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collagen
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What signal molecule directs protein to the lysosome?
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mannose 6 phosphate
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What signal molecule directs protein to the Golgi?
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PRO
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What signal molecule directs protein to the RER?
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PRE
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What signal molecule directs to the mitochondria?
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N-terminal sequence
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What does the RER do?
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makes protein that has to be packaged
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What is the chaperone for the mitochondria?
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HSP-70
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What is the chaperone for the Golgi?
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HSP-90
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For all proteins that need it, where does n-acetylation occur?
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RER
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For all proteins, where are the mods made?
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Golgi
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When protein is directed to the Golgi, what side does it come in on? Exits?
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trans and exits CIS
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How do you recognize a mitochondrial disease?
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mom has it and all the kids have it too
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What are the two mitochondrial diseases?
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lebers and leighs
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What are the classic clues for lebers or leighs?
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ragged red fibers
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How does lebers present after birth?
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blindness
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What does leighs cause?
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chronic fatigue all your life
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How long does it take for irreversible cell death to occur in all tissues except the brain?
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6 hours
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How long does it take for irreversible cell death to occur in the brain?
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20 minutes
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