Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
568 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the agreement of a particular value with the true value
|
accuracy
|
|
a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor
|
acid
|
|
a substance that marks the end point of an acid-base titration by changing color
|
acid-base indicator
|
|
the equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a proton is removed from an acid by H2O to form the conjugate base and H3O+
|
acid dissociation constant Ka
|
|
a result of air pollution by sulfur dioxide
|
acid rain
|
|
a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give an acidic solution
|
acidic oxide
|
|
a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled
|
actinide series
|
|
the arrangement of atoms found at the top of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products
|
activated complex (transition state)
|
|
the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction
|
activation energy
|
|
a type of polymerization in which the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with no other products
|
addition polymerization
|
|
a reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond
|
addition reaction
|
|
the collection of one substance on the surface of another
|
adsorption
|
|
contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity
|
air pollution
|
|
an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon
|
alcohol
|
|
an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom
|
aldehyde
|
|
a Group 1A metal
|
alkali metal
|
|
a Group 2A metal
|
alkaline earth metal
|
|
a saturated hydrocarbon with general formula C_nH_(2n+2)
|
alkane
|
|
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond, general formula is C_nH_(2n)
|
alkene
|
|
an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a triple carbon-carbon bond, general formula is C_nH_(2n-2)
|
alkyne
|
|
a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties
|
alloy
|
|
a form of steel containing carbon plus other metals such as Cr, Co, Mn, and Mo
|
alloy steel
|
|
a helium nucleus
|
alpha (α) particle
|
|
a common mode of decay for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number changes
|
alpha-particle production
|
|
an organic base derived from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups
|
amine
|
|
an organic acid in which an amino group and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group
|
α-amino acid
|
|
a solid with considerable disorder in its structure
|
amorphous solid
|
|
the unit of current equal to one coulomb of charge per second
|
ampere
|
|
a substance that can behave either as an acid or as a base
|
amphoteric substance
|
|
the quantum number relating to the shape of an atomic orbital, which can assume any integral value from 0 to n-1 for each value of n
|
angular momentum quantum number l
|
|
a negative ion
|
anion
|
|
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs
|
anode
|
|
an orbital higher in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed
|
antibonding molecular orbital
|
|
a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent
|
aqueous solution
|
|
one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene
|
aromatic hydrocarbon
|
|
a concept postulating that acids produce hydrogen ions in solution, while bases produce hydroxide ions
|
Arrhenius concept
|
|
the equation representing the rate constant as k = A e^(-E_a/RT), where A represents the product of the collision frequency and the steric factor, and e^(-E_a/RT) is the fraction of collisions with sufficient energy to produce a reaction
|
Arrhenius equation
|
|
a polymer chain in which the substituent groups such as CH_3 are randomly distributed along the chain
|
atactic chain
|
|
the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth's surface
|
atmosphere
|
|
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
|
atomic number
|
|
half the distance between the nuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms
|
atomic radius
|
|
a solid that contains atoms at the lattice points
|
atomic solid
|
|
the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring element
|
atomic weight
|
|
the principle stating that as protons are added to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals
|
aufbau principle
|
|
the transfer of an electron from one molecule to another of the same substance
|
autoionization
|
|
equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles
|
Avogadro's law
|
|
the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12, equal to 6.022*10^(23)
|
Avogadro's number
|
|
a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly
|
ball-and-stick model
|
|
a molecular model for metals in which electrons are assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms
|
band model
|
|
a device for measuring atmospheric pressure
|
barometer
|
|
a substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution, a proton acceptor
|
base
|
|
an ionic oxide that dissolves in water to produce a basic solution
|
basic oxide
|
|
a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the impurities in iron using a high-pressure blast of oxygen
|
basic oxygen process
|
|
a group of galvanic cells connected in series
|
battery
|
|
an electron produced in radioactive decay
|
beta (β) particle
|
|
a decay process for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number remains constant and the atomic number changes, net effect is to change a neutron into a proton
|
beta-particle production
|
|
a ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion
|
bidentate ligand
|
|
a reaction involving the collision of two molecules
|
bimolecular step
|
|
a two-element compound
|
binary compound
|
|
the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleons
|
binding energy (nuclear)
|
|
a molecule responsible for maintaining and/or reproducing life
|
biomolecule
|
|
a furnace in which iron oxide is reduced to iron metal by using a very strong blast of hot air to produce carbon monoxide from coke, and then using this gas as a reducing agent for the iron
|
blast furnace
|
|
the energy required to break a given chemical bond
|
bond energy
|
|
the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal
|
bond length
|
|
the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two, an index of bond strength
|
bond order
|
|
an orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed
|
bonding molecular orbital
|
|
an electron pair found in the space between two atoms
|
bonding pair
|
|
a covalent hydride of boron
|
borane
|
|
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure
|
Boyle's law
|
|
a nuclear reactor in which fissionable fuel is produced while the reactor runs
|
breeder reactor
|
|
a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor
|
Brønsted-Lowry model
|
|
a solution that resists a change in pH when either hydroxide ions or protons are added
|
buffered solution
|
|
the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions without a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A-] in the solution
|
buffering capacity
|
|
the science of measuring heat flow
|
calorimetry
|
|
the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube
|
capillary action
|
|
a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer composed of these
|
carbohydrate
|
|
an alloy of iron containing up to about 1.5% carbon
|
carbon steel
|
|
a stable complex hemoglobin and carbon monoxide that prevents normal oxygen uptake in the blood
|
carboxyhemoglobin
|
|
the —COOH group in an organic acid
|
carboxyl group
|
|
an organic compound containing the carboxyl group; an acid with the general formula RCOOH
|
carboxylic acid
|
|
a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed
|
catalyst
|
|
the electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs
|
cathode
|
|
the “rays” emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons
|
cathode rays
|
|
a method in which an active metal, such as magnesium, is connected to steel to protect it from corrosion
|
cathodic protection
|
|
a positive ion
|
cation
|
|
the driving force in a galvanic cell that pulls electrons from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other
|
cell potential (emf)
|
|
a nonmetallic material made from clay and hardened by firing at high temperature; it contains minute silicate crystals suspended in a glassy cement
|
ceramic
|
|
a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production of neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei
|
chain reaction (nuclear)
|
|
the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins
|
Charles's law
|
|
a ligand having more than one atom with a lone pair that can be used to bond to a metal ion
|
chelating ligand (chelate)
|
|
the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound
|
chemical bond
|
|
the change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction
|
chemical change
|
|
a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules
|
chemical equation
|
|
a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant as a function of time
|
chemical equilibrium
|
|
the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements are used to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms
|
chemical formula
|
|
the area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates
|
chemical kinetics
|
|
the calculation of the quantities of material consumed and produced in chemical reactions
|
chemical stoichiometry
|
|
the quality of having nonsuperimposable mirror images
|
chirality
|
|
the process for producing chlorine and sodium hydroxide by electrolyzing brine in a mercury cell
|
chlor-alkali process
|
|
the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase
|
chromatography
|
|
the destruction of a colloid by causing particles to aggregate and settle out
|
coagulation
|
|
organic bases in sets of three that form the genetic code
|
codons
|
|
properties of a solution that depend only on the number, and not the identity, of the solute particles
|
colligative properties
|
|
a model based on the idea that molecules must collide to react; used to account for the observed characteristics of reaction rates
|
collision model
|
|
a suspension of particles in a dispersing medium
|
colloid (colloidal dispersion)
|
|
the vigorous and exothermic reaction that takes place between certain substances, particularly organic compounds, and oxygen
|
combustion reaction
|
|
the shift in an equilibrium position caused by the addition or presence of an ion involved in the equilibrium reaction
|
common ion effect
|
|
an equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions
|
complete ionic equation
|
|
a charged species consisting of a metal ion surrounded by ligands
|
complex ion
|
|
a substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes
|
compound
|
|
a galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations
|
concentration cell
|
|
the process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid
|
condensation
|
|
a type of polymerization in which the formation of a small molecule, such as water, accompanies the extension of a polymer chain
|
condensation polymerization
|
|
a reaction in which two molecules are joined, accompanied by the elimination of a water molecule
|
condensation reaction
|
|
liquids and solids
|
condensed states of matter
|
|
the species formed when a proton is added to a base
|
conjugate acid
|
|
two species related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton
|
conjugate acid-base pair
|
|
what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost
|
conjugate base
|
|
a spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths of visible light
|
continuous spectrum
|
|
rods in a nuclear reactor composed of substances that absorb neutrons, regulating the power level of the reactor
|
control rods
|
|
a metal-ligand bond resulting from the interaction of a Lewis base (the ligand) and a Lewis acid (the metal ion)
|
coordinate covalent bond
|
|
a compound composed of a complex ion and counterions sufficient to give no net charge
|
coordination compound
|
|
isomerism in a coordination compound in which the composition of the coordination sphere of a metal ion varies
|
coordination isomerism
|
|
the number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands in a complex ion
|
coordination number
|
|
a polymer formed from the polymerization of more than one type of monomer
|
copolymer
|
|
an inner electron in an atom; one not in the outermost (valence) principal quantum level
|
core electron
|
|
the process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere
|
corrosion
|
|
E = 2.31*10^(-19)*(Q_1Q_2/r), where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q_1 and Q_2 are the numerical ion charges
|
Coulomb's law
|
|
anions or cations that balance the charge on the complex ion in a coordination compound
|
counterions
|
|
a type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms
|
covalent bonding
|
|
the mass of fissionable material required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction
|
critical mass
|
|
the point on a phase diagram at which the temperature and pressure have their critical values; the end point on the liquid-vapor line
|
critical point
|
|
the minimum pressure required to produce liquefaction of a substance at the critical temperature
|
critical pressure
|
|
a reaction in which exactly one neutron from each fission event causes another fission event, thus sustaining the chain reaction
|
critical reaction (nuclear)
|
|
the temperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter what pressure is applied
|
critical temperature
|
|
the existence of bonds between adjacent chains in a polymer, thus adding strength to the material
|
crosslinking
|
|
a model used to explain the magnetism and colors of coordination complexes through the splitting of the d orbital energies
|
crystal field model
|
|
a solid with a regular arrangement of its components
|
crystalline solid
|
|
a solid modeled by the closest packing of spheres with an abcabc arrangement of layers; the unit cell is face-centered cubic
|
cubic closest packed (ccp) structure
|
|
a process in which crushed gold ore is treated with an aqueous cyanide solution in the presence of air to dissolve the gold; pure gold is recovered by reduction of the ion to the metal
|
cyanidation
|
|
a type of particle accelerator in which an ion introduced at the center is accelerated in an expanding spiral path by the use of alternating electrical fields in the presence of a magnetic field
|
cyclotron
|
|
a series of iron containing species composed of heme and a protein; the principal electron-transfer molecules in the respiratory chain
|
cytochromes
|
|
for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the partial pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone
|
Dalton's law of partial pressures
|
|
a group of orbitals with the same energy
|
degenerate orbitals
|
|
a reaction in which two hydrogen atoms are removed from adjacent carbons of a saturated hydrocarbon, giving an unsaturated hydrocarbon
|
dehydrogenation reaction
|
|
the breaking down of the three-dimensional structure of a protein resulting in the loss of its function
|
denaturation
|
|
the return of nitrogen from decomposed matter to the atmosphere by bacteria that change nitrates to nitrogen gas
|
denitrification
|
|
a property of matter representing mass per unit volume
|
density
|
|
a huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complimentary bases on the two strands; functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information
|
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
|
|
the removal of dissolved salts from an aqueous solution
|
desalination
|
|
a phenomenon in which a semipermeable membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small solute molecules and ions
|
dialysis
|
|
a type of magnetism, associated with paired electrons, that causes a substance to be repelled from the inducing magnetic field
|
diamagnetism
|
|
an expression that gives the rate of a reaction as a function of concentrations; often called the rate law
|
differential rate law
|
|
the scattering of light from a regular array of points or lines, producing constructive and destructive interference
|
diffraction
|
|
the mixing of gases
|
diffusion
|
|
the process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution
|
dilution
|
|
a molecule formed by the joining of two identical monomers
|
dimer
|
|
the attractive force resulting when polar molecules line up so that the positive and negative ends are close to each other
|
dipole-dipole attraction
|
|
a property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge
|
dipole moment
|
|
a furnace in which iron oxide is reduced to iron metal using milder reaction conditions than in a blast furnace
|
direct reduction furnace
|
|
a sugar formed from two monosaccharides joined by a glycoside linkage
|
disaccharide
|
|
a reaction in which a given element is both oxidized and reduced
|
disproportionation reaction
|
|
a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components
|
distillation
|
|
an S—S bond that stabilizes the tertiary structure of many proteins
|
disulfide linkage
|
|
a bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
|
double bond
|
|
a cell used for electrolyzing molten sodium chloride
|
Downs cell
|
|
a common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and tape players
|
dry cell battery
|
|
the statement that light exhibits both wave and particulate properties
|
dual nature of light
|
|
the passage of a gas through a tiny orfice into an evacuated chamber
|
effusion
|
|
the ability to conduct electric current
|
electrical conductivity
|
|
the study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy
|
electrochemistry
|
|
a process that involves forcing a current through a cell to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur
|
electrolysis
|
|
a material that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current
|
electrolyte
|
|
a cell that uses electrical energy to produce a chemical change that would otherwise not occur spontaneously
|
electrolytic cell
|
|
radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum
|
electromagnetic radiation
|
|
a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom
|
electron
|
|
the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom
|
electron affinity
|
|
a process in which one of the inner-orbital electrons in an atom is captured by the nucleus
|
electron capture
|
|
a quantum number representing one of the two possible values for the electron spin; either +1/2 or -1/2
|
electron spin quantum number
|
|
the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
|
electronegativity
|
|
a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means
|
element
|
|
a reaction whose rate law can be written from its molecularity
|
elementary step
|
|
Einstein's equation proposing that energy has mass; E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light
|
E = mc^2
|
|
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound
|
empirical formula
|
|
isomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other
|
enantiomer
|
|
the point in a titration at which the indicator changes color
|
endpoint
|
|
refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system
|
endothermic
|
|
the capacity to do work or to cause heat flow
|
energy
|
|
a property of a system equal to E + PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system; at constant pressure its change equals the energy flow as heat
|
enthalpy
|
|
the enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point
|
enthalpy (heat) of fusion
|
|
a thermodynamic function that measures randomness or disorder
|
entropy
|
|
a large molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes biological molecules
|
enzyme
|
|
the value obtained when equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species are substituted in the equilibrium expression
|
equilibrium constant
|
|
the expression (from the law of mass action) obtained by multiplying the product concentrations and dividing by the multiplied reactant concentrations, with each concentration raised to a power represented by the coefficient in the balanced equation
|
equilibrium expression
|
|
the position where the free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value
|
equilibrium point (thermodynamic definition)
|
|
a particular set of equilibrium concentrations
|
equilibrium position
|
|
the point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated
|
equivalence point (stoichiometric point)
|
|
an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
|
ester
|
|
refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system
|
exothermic
|
|
expresses a number as N*10^M, a convenient method for representing a very large or very small number and for easily indicating the number of significant figures
|
exponential notation
|
|
a constant representing the charge on one mole of electrons; 96485 coulombs
|
Faraday
|
|
a method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid
|
filtration
|
|
the energy of the universe is constant; same as the law of conservation of energy
|
1st law of thermodynamics
|
|
the process of using a neutron to split a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers
|
fission
|
|
a method of separating the mineral particles in an ore from the gangue that depends on the greater wettability of the mineral pieces
|
flotation process
|
|
the charge assigned to an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion derived from a specific set of rules
|
formal charge
|
|
the equilibrium constant for each step of the formation of a complex ion by the addition of an individual ligand to a metal ion or complex ion in aqueous solution
|
formation constant (stability constant)
|
|
an equation representing a reaction in solution showing the reactants and products in undissociated form, whether they are strong or weak electrolytes
|
formula equation
|
|
coal, petroleum, or natural gas; consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms
|
fossil fuel
|
|
the recovery of sulfur from underground deposits by melting it with hot water and forcing it to the surface by air pressure
|
Frasch process
|
|
the thermodynamic function equal to H-TS; under certain conditions equal to the maximum useful work
|
free energy
|
|
a species with an unpaired electron
|
free radical
|
|
the number of waves (or cycles) per second that pass a given point in space
|
frequency
|
|
a galvanic cell for which the reactants are continuously supplied
|
fuel cell
|
|
an atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen
|
functional group
|
|
the process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus
|
fusion
|
|
a device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work
|
galvanic cell
|
|
a process in which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion
|
galvanizing
|
|
a high-energy photon
|
gamma (γ) ray
|
|
the impurities (such as clay or sand) in an ore
|
gangue
|
|
an instrument that measures the rate of radioactive decay based on the ions and electrons produced as a radioactive particle passes through a gas-filled chamber
|
Geiger(-Müller) counter
|
|
a given segment of the DNA molecule that contains the code for a specific protein
|
gene
|
|
isomerism in which atoms or groups of atoms can assume different positions around a rigid ring or bond
|
geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism
|
|
an amorphous solid obtained when silica is mixed with other compounds, heated above its melting point, and then cooled rapidly
|
glass
|
|
an electrode for measuring pH from the potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions
|
glass electrode
|
|
a C—O—C bond formed between the rings of two cyclic monosaccharides by the elimination of water
|
glycosidic linkage
|
|
the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles
|
Graham's law of effusion
|
|
a warming effect exerted by the earth's atmosphere (particularly CO2 and H2O) due to thermal energy retained by absorption of infrared radiation
|
greenhouse effect
|
|
the lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule
|
ground state
|
|
a vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties
|
group (of the periodic table)
|
|
the manufacture of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, carried out at high pressure and high temperature with the aid of a catalyst
|
Haber process
|
|
the time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half of the original value
|
half-life (of a radioactive sample)
|
|
the time required for a reactant to reach half of its original concentration
|
half-life (of a reactant)
|
|
the two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction
|
half-reactions
|
|
a Group 7A element
|
halogen
|
|
the addition of halogen atoms to unsaturated hydrocarbons
|
halogenation
|
|
water from natural sources that contains relatively large concentrations of calcium and magnesium ions
|
hard water
|
|
energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them
|
heat
|
|
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius
|
heat capacity
|
|
the enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point
|
heat of fusion
|
|
the enthalpy change associated with placing gaseous molecules or ions in water; the sum of the energy needed to expand the solvent and the energy released from the solvent-solute interactions
|
heat of hydration
|
|
the enthalpy change associated with dissolving a solute in a solvent; the sum of the energies needed to expand both solvent and solute in a solution and the energy released from the solvent-solute interactions
|
heat of solution
|
|
the energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere
|
heat of vaporization
|
|
a plot of temperature versus time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate
|
heating curve
|
|
a principle stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time
|
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
|
|
an iron complex
|
heme
|
|
a biomolecule composed of four myoglobin-like units (proteins plus heme) that can bind and transport four oxygen molecules in the blood
|
hemoglobin
|
|
an equation giving the relationship between pH of an acid-base system and the concentrations of base and acid: pH = pK_a + log([base]/[acid])
|
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
|
|
the amount of gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution
|
Henry's law
|
|
in going from a particular set of reactants a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or a series of steps; in summary, enthalpy is a state function
|
Hess's law
|
|
an equilibrium involving reactants and/or products in more than one phase
|
heterogeneous equilibrium
|
|
a structure composed of closest packed spheres with an ababab arrangement of layers; the unit cell is hexagonal
|
hexagonal closest packed (hcp) structure
|
|
an equilibrium system where all reactants and products are in the same phase
|
homogeneous equilibrium
|
|
a polymer formed from the polymerization of only one type of monomer
|
homopolymer
|
|
the lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the minimum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals, with all unpaired electrons having parallel spins
|
Hund's rule
|
|
a set of atomic orbitals on a given atom to form special atomic orbitals for bonding
|
hybrid orbitals
|
|
a mixing of the native orbitals on a given atom to form special atomic orbitals for bonding
|
hybridization
|
|
the interaction between solute particles and water molecules
|
hydration
|
|
a binary compound containing hydrogen, containing the H- ion, classes are covalent, interstitial, and ionic
|
hydride
|
|
a compound composed of carbon and hydrogen
|
hydrocarbon
|
|
an organic molecule that contains one or more elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen
|
hydrocarbon derivative
|
|
unusually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom
|
hydrogen bonding
|
|
a reaction in which hydrogen is added, with a catalyst present, to a carbon-carbon multiple bond
|
hydrogenation reaction
|
|
an aqueous solution of a hydrogen halide
|
hydrohalic acid
|
|
a process for extracting metals from ores by use of aqueous chemical solutions, involving selective leaching and selective precipitation
|
hydrometallurgy
|
|
the H30+ ion, a hydrated proton
|
hydronium ion
|
|
one or more assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of nature
|
hypothesis
|
|
an equation of state for a gas, where the state of the gas is its condition at a given time; expressed by PV=nRT, where P is the pressure, V the volume, n the number of moles of gas, R the universal gas constant, and T the absolute temperature, expresses behavior approached by real gases
|
ideal gas law
|
|
a solution whose vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present
|
ideal solution
|
|
a chemical that changes color and is used to mark the endpoint of a titration
|
indicator
|
|
an expression that shows the concentration of a reactant as a function of time
|
integrated rate law
|
|
a compound formed by the reaction of one halogen with another
|
interhalogen compound
|
|
a species that is neither a reactant or a product but that is formed and consumed in the reaction sequence
|
intermediate
|
|
relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules
|
intermolecular forces
|
|
a property of a system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat or both: ∆E = q + w, where q is heat and w is work
|
internal energy
|
|
an atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge
|
ion
|
|
the process in which an ion-exchange resin removes unwanted ions and replaces them with sodium ions, which do not interfere with soap and detergent action
|
ion exchange (water softening)
|
|
a phenomenon occurring in solution when oppositely charged ions aggregate and behave as a single particle
|
ion pairing
|
|
the equilibrium constant for the auto-ionization of water; equals 1.0*10^(-14) at 25°C
|
ion-product (dissociation) constant K_w
|
|
an electrode sensitive to the concentration of a particular ion in solution
|
ion-selective electrode
|
|
the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
|
ionic bonding
|
|
a compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form a cation and an anion
|
ionic compound (binary)
|
|
a solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to give a solution containing the separated ions which are mobile and thus free to conduct electrical current
|
ionic solid (salt)
|
|
any real process
|
irreversible process
|
|
ions containing the same number of electrons
|
isoelectronic ions
|
|
species with the same formula but different properties
|
isomers
|
|
a polymer chain in which the substituent groups such as CH3 are all arranged on the same side of the chain
|
isotactic chain
|
|
solutions having identical osmotic pressures
|
isotonic solutions
|
|
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons
|
isotopes
|
|
an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
|
ketones
|
|
energy due to the motion of an object, dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity 1/2*mv^2
|
kinetic energy
|
|
a model that assumes that an ideal gas is composed of tiny particles (molecules) in constant motion
|
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
|
|
the decrease in the atomic radii of the lanthanide series elements, going from left to right in the periodic table
|
lanthanide contraction
|
|
a group of 14 elements following lanthanum in the periodic table, in which the 4f orbitals are being filled
|
lanthanide series
|
|
a three-dimensional system of points designating the positions of the centers of the components of a solid (atoms, ions or molecules)
|
lattice
|
|
the energy change occurring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form an ionic solid
|
lattice energy
|
|
energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created or destroyed
|
law of conservation of energy
|
|
mass is neither created or destroyed
|
law of conservation of mass
|
|
a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass
|
law of definite proportions
|
|
a general description of the equilibrium condition; it defines the equilibrium constant expression
|
law of mass action
|
|
a law stating that when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers
|
law of multiple proportions
|
|
the extraction of metals from ores using aqueous chemical solutions
|
leaching
|
|
a battery (used in cars) in which the anode is lead, the cathode is lead coated with lead dioxide, and the electrolyte is a sulfuric acid solution
|
lead storage battery
|
|
if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce the effect of that change
|
Le Châtelier's principle
|
|
an electron-pair acceptor
|
Lewis acid
|
|
an electron-pair donor
|
Lewis base
|
|
a diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule
|
Lewis structure
|
|
a neutral molecule or ion having a lone pair of electrons that can be used to form a bond to a metal ion; a Lewis base
|
ligand
|
|
a water-softening method in which lime and soda ash are added to water to remove calcium and magnesium ions by precipitation
|
lime-soda process
|
|
the reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion
|
limiting reactant/reagent
|
|
a spectrum showing only certain discrete wavelengths
|
line spectrum
|
|
a type of particle accelerator in which a changing electrical field is used to accelerate a positive ion along a linear path
|
linear accelerator
|
|
isomerism involving a complex ion where the ligands are all the same but the point of attachment of at least one of the ligands differs
|
linkage isomerism
|
|
the transformation of a gas into a liquid
|
liquefaction
|
|
a model which assumes that a molecule is composed of atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms
|
localized electron (LE) model
|
|
the forces, existing among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor
|
London dispersion forces
|
|
an electron pair that is localized on a given atom; an electron pair not involved in bonding
|
lone pair
|
|
the quantum number relating to the orientation of an orbital in space relative to the other orbitals with the same l quantum number, can have integral values between -l and l including zero
|
magnetic quantum number m_l
|
|
elements in groups labeled 1A, 2A, ..., 8A in the periodic table, filling s and p orbitals
|
main-group (representative) elements
|
|
the components present in relatively large amounts in a solution
|
major species
|
|
a device for measuring the pressure of a gas in a container
|
manometer
|
|
the quantity of matter in an object
|
mass
|
|
the change in mass occurring when a nucleus is formed from its component nucleons
|
mass defect
|
|
the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an atom
|
mass number
|
|
the percent by mass of a component of a mixture or of a given element in a compound
|
mass percent
|
|
an instrument used to determine the relative masses of atoms by the deflection of their ions on a magnetic field
|
mass spectrometer
|
|
the material of the universe
|
matter
|
|
a special RNA molecule built in the cell nucleus that migrates into the cytoplasm and participate in protein synthesis
|
messenger RNA (mRNA)
|
|
an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is lustrous, malleable, and a good conductor of heat and electricity
|
metal
|
|
elements along the division line in the periodic table between metals and nonmetals, exhibiting both metallic and nonmetallic properties
|
metalloids (semimetals)
|
|
the process of separating a metal from its ore and preparing it for use
|
metallurgy
|
|
a unit of pressure, also called a torr
|
millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
|
|
a relatively pure compound as found in nature
|
mineral
|
|
a set of assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of matter, usually involving assumptions about the behavior of individual atoms or molecules
|
model (theory)
|
|
a substance used in a nuclear reactor to slow down the neutrons
|
moderator
|
|
a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in boiling point as a function of solution molality; used in molecular weight determinations
|
molal boiling-point elevation constant
|
|
a constant characteristic of a particular solvent that gives the change in freezing point as a function of solution molality; used in molecular weight determinations
|
molal freezing-point depression constant
|
|
the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent in a solution
|
molality
|
|
the energy needed to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one degree Celsius
|
molar heat capacity
|
|
the mass in grams of one mole of molecules or formula units of a substance, also called molecular weight
|
molar mass
|
|
the volume of one mole of an ideal gas, equal to 22.42 liters at STP
|
molar volume
|
|
moles of solute per volume of solution in liters
|
molarity
|
|
the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure C-12, divided by Avogadro's number, represents 6.022*10^(23)
|
mole (mol)
|
|
the ratio of the number of moles of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture
|
mole fraction
|
|
the ratio of moles of one substance to moles of another substance in a balanced chemical equation
|
mole ratio (stoichiometry)
|
|
the exact formula of a molecule, giving the types of atoms and the number of each type
|
molecular formula
|
|
a model that regards a molecule as a collection of nuclei and electrons, where the electrons are assumed to occupy orbitals much as they do in atoms, but having the orbitals extend over the entire molecule; electrons are assumed to be delocalized rather than always located between a given pair of atoms
|
molecular orbital (MO) model
|
|
orientations of molecules during collisions, some of which can lead to reaction while others cannot
|
molecular orientations (kinetics)
|
|
a solid composed of neutral molecules at the lattice points
|
molecular solid
|
|
the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule
|
molecular structure
|
|
the number of species that must collide to produce the reaction represented by an elementary step in a reaction mechanism
|
molecularity
|
|
a bonded collection of two or more atoms of the same or different elements
|
molecule
|
|
a ligand that can form one bond to a metal ion
|
monodentate (unidentate) ligand
|
|
an acid with one acidic proton
|
monoprotic acid
|
|
a polyhydroxy ketone or aldehyde containing from three to nine carbon atoms
|
monosaccharide (simple sugar)
|
|
an oxygen-storing biomolecule consisting of a heme complex and a protein
|
myoglobin
|
|
a statement that expresses generally observed behavior
|
natural law
|
|
an equation relating the potential of an electrochemical cell to the concentrations of the cell components: emf = emf° - .0591/n*log(Q) at 25°C
|
Nernst equation
|
|
an equation for a reaction in solution, where strong electrolytes are written as ions, showing only those components that are directly involved in the chemical change
|
net ionic equation
|
|
an atomic solid containing strong directional covalent bonds
|
network solid
|
|
an acid-base reaction
|
neutralization reaction
|
|
a particle in the atomic nucleus with mass virtually equal to the proton's but no charge
|
neutron
|
|
the conversion of N2 to nitrogen-containing compounds, followed by the return of nitrogen gas to the atmosphere by natural decay processes
|
nitrogen cycle
|
|
the process of transforming N2 to nitrogen-containing compounds useful to plants
|
nitrogen fixation
|
|
bacteria in the root nodules of plants that can convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and other nitrogen-containing compounds useful to plants
|
nitrogen-fixing bacteria
|
|
a Group 8A element
|
noble gas
|
|
an area of an orbital having zero electron probability
|
node
|
|
a substance that, when dissolved in water, gives a nonconducting solution
|
nonelectrolyte
|
|
an element not exhibiting metallic characteristics; accepts electrons from a metal
|
nonmetal
|
|
the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is exactly one atmosphere
|
normal boiling point
|
|
the number of equivalents of a substance dissolved in a liter of solution
|
normality
|
|
an atom having a dense center of positive charge with electrons moving around the outside
|
nuclear atom
|
|
the change of one element into another
|
nuclear transformation
|
|
a particle in an atomic nucleus, either a neutron or a proton
|
nucleon
|
|
a monomer of the nucleic acids composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and phosphoric acid
|
nucleotide
|
|
the small, dense center of positive charge in an atom
|
nucleus
|
|
the general term applied to each unique atom
|
nuclide
|
|
the observation that atoms of nonmetals tend to form the most stable molecules when they are surrounded by eight electrons (to fill their valence orbitals)
|
octet rule
|
|
a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the impurities in molten iron using external heat and a blast of air or oxygen
|
open hearth process
|
|
isomerism in which the isomers have opposite effects on plane-polarized light
|
optical isomerism
|
|
a specific wave function for an electron in an atom, the square of which gives the probability distribution for the electron
|
orbital
|
|
a splitting of the d orbitals of the metal ion in a complex such that the orbitals pointing at the ligands have higher energies than those pointing between the ligands
|
d-orbital splitting
|
|
the positive or negative exponent, determined by experiment, of the reactant concentration in a rate law
|
order (of reactant)
|
|
an acid with a carbon-atom backbone; often contains the carboxyl group
|
organic acid
|
|
the study of carbon-containing compounds (typically chains of carbon atoms) and their properties
|
organic chemistry
|
|
the flow of solvent into a solution through a semipermeable membrane
|
osmosis
|
|
the pressure that must be applied to a solution to stop osmosis, Π = MRT
|
osmotic pressure
|
|
a commercial process for producing nitric acid by the oxidation of ammonia
|
Ostwald process
|
|
an increase in oxidation state (a loss of electrons)
|
oxidation
|
|
a reaction in which one or more electrons are transferred
|
oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction
|
|
a concept that provides a way to keep track of electrons in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules
|
oxidation states
|
|
a reactant that accepts electrons from another reactant
|
oxidizing agent (electron acceptor)
|
|
an acid in which the acidic proton is attached to an oxygen atom
|
oxyacid
|
|
O3, the form of elemental oxygen in addition to the much more common O2
|
ozone
|
|
a type of induced magnetism, associated with unpaired electrons, that causes a substance to be attracted into the inducing magnetic field
|
paramagnetism
|
|
the independent pressures exerted by different gases in a mixture
|
partial pressures
|
|
a device used to accelerate nuclear particles to very high speeds
|
particle accelerator
|
|
the SI unit of pressure, equal to newtons per meter squared
|
Pascal
|
|
in a given atom no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers
|
Pauli exclusion principle
|
|
the bond resulting from the condensation reaction between amino acids, or —C(=O)—N—
|
peptide linkage
|
|
the ratio of the amount of a substance that is dissociated at equilibrium to the initial concentration of the substance in a solution, multiplied by 100
|
percent dissociation
|
|
the actual yield of a product as a percentage of the theoretical yield
|
percent yield
|
|
a chart showing all the elements arranged in columns with similar chemical properties
|
periodic table
|
|
a plot showing the pH of a solution being analyzed as a function of the amount of titrant added
|
pH curve
|
|
a log scale based on 10 and equal to -log[H+]; a convenient way to represent solution acidity
|
pH scale
|
|
a convenient way of representing the phases of a substance in a closed system as a function of temperature and pressure
|
phase diagram
|
|
the benzene molecule minus one hydrogen atom
|
phenyl group
|
|
air pollution produced by the action of light on oxygen, nitrogen oxides, and unburned fuel from auto exhaust to form ozone and other pollutants
|
photochemical smog
|
|
a quantum of electromagnetic radiation
|
photon
|
|
a change in the form of a substance, but not in its chemical composition; chemical bonds are not broken
|
physical change
|
|
a covalent bond in which the parallel p orbitals share an electron pair occupying the space above and below the line joining the atoms
|
pi (π) bond
|
|
the constant relating the change in energy for a system to the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted
|
Planck's constant
|
|
a covalent bond in which the electrons are not shared equally because one atom attracts them more strongly than the other
|
polar covalent bond
|
|
a molecule that has a permanent dipole moment
|
polar molecule
|
|
an ion containing a number of atoms
|
polyatomic ion
|
|
an atom with more than one electron
|
polyelectronic atom
|
|
a large, usually chainlike molecule built from many small molecules (monomers)
|
polymer
|
|
a process in which many small molecules (monomers) are joined together to form a large molecule
|
polymerization
|
|
a polymer formed from amino acids joined together by peptide linkages
|
polypeptide
|
|
an acid with more than one acidic proton, dissociating in a stepwise manner, one proton at a time
|
polyprotic acid
|
|
a disk in a tube connecting two different solutions in a galvanic cell that allows ion flow without extensive mixing of the solutions
|
porous disk
|
|
a planar ligand with a central ring structure and various substituent groups at the edges of the ring
|
porphyrin
|
|
a type of probability that depends on the number of arrangements in space that yield a particular state
|
positional probability
|
|
a mode of nuclear decay in which a particle is formed having the same mass as an electron but opposite charge; the net effect is to turn a proton into a neutron
|
positron production
|
|
energy due to position or composition
|
potential energy
|
|
a reaction in which an insoluble substance forms and separates from the solution
|
precipitation reaction
|
|
the degree of agreement among several measurements of the same quantity; the reproducibility of a measurement
|
precision
|
|
the order (sequence) of amino acids in the protein chain
|
primary structure (of a protein)
|
|
the quantum number relating to the size and energy of an orbital; it can have any positive integer value
|
principal quantum number n
|
|
the square of the wave function indicating the probability of finding an electron at a particular point in space
|
probability distribution
|
|
a substance resulting from a chemical reaction, shown to the right of the arrow in a chemical equation
|
product
|
|
a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus
|
proton
|
|
a substance with constant composition
|
pure substance
|
|
recovery of a metal from its ore by treatment at high temperatures
|
pyrometallurgy
|
|
the concept that energy can occur only in discrete units called quanta
|
quantization
|
|
the unit of radiation dosage corresponding to 10^(-2) J of energy deposited per kilogram of tissue
|
rad
|
|
the spontaneous decomposition of a nucleus to form a different nucleus
|
radioactive decay (radioactivity)
|
|
a method for dating ancient wood or cloth based on the rate of radioactive decay of the nuclide C-14
|
radiocarbon dating (C-14 dating)
|
|
a radioactive nuclide, introduced into an organism for diagnostic purposes, whose pathway can be traced by monitoring its radioactivity
|
radiotracer
|
|
an error that has an equal probability of being high or low
|
random error
|
|
the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present
|
Raoult's law
|
|
the proportionality constant in the relationship between reaction rate and reactant concentrations
|
rate constant
|
|
the change in the number of radioactive nuclides in a sample per unit time
|
rate of decay
|
|
the slowest step in a reaction mechanism, the one determining the overall rate
|
rate-determining step
|
|
an expression that shows how the rate of reaction depends on the concentration of reactants
|
rate law (differential rate law)
|
|
a starting substance in a chemical reaction, appears to the left of the arrow in a chemical equation
|
reactant
|
|
the series of elementary steps involved in a chemical reaction
|
reaction mechanism
|
|
a quotient obtained by applying the law of mass action to initial concentrations rather than to equilibrium concentrations
|
reaction quotient Q
|
|
the change in concentration of a reactant or product per unit time
|
reaction rate
|
|
the part of a nuclear reactor where the fission reaction takes place
|
reactor core
|
|
a reactant that donates electrons to another substance to reduce the oxidation state of one of its atoms
|
reducing agent (electron donor)
|
|
a decrease in oxidation state (a gain of electrons)
|
reduction
|
|
a unit of radiation dosage that accounts for both the energy of the dose and its effectiveness in causing biological damage
|
rem (from roentgen equivalent of man)
|
|
a condition occurring when more than one valid Lewis structure can be written for a particular molecule; the actual structure is not any one, but the average of all of the possible structures
|
resonance
|
|
the process occurring when the external pressure on a solution causes a net flow of solvent through a semipermeable membrane from the solution to the solvent
|
reverse osmosis
|
|
a cyclic process carried out by a hypothetical pathway, which leaves the universe exactly the same as it was before the process; purely theoretical
|
reversible process
|
|
a nucleotide polymer that transmits the genetic information stored in DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
|
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
|
|
a process of converting sulfide minerals to oxides by heating in air at temperatures below their melting points
|
roasting
|
|
the square root of the average of the squares of the velocities of individual gas particles
|
root mean square velocity
|
|
an ionic compound
|
salt
|
|
a U-tube containing an electrolyte that connects the two compartments of a galvanic cell, allowing ion flow without extensive mixing of the different solutions
|
salt bridge
|
|
the process of studying natural phenomena, involving observations, forming laws and theories, and testing of theories by experimentation
|
scientific method
|
|
an instrument that measures radioactive decay by sensing the flashes of light produced in a substance by the radiation
|
scintillation counter
|
|
in any spontaneous process, there is always an increase in the entropy of the universe
|
2nd law of thermodynamics
|
|
the three-dimensional structure of the protein chain (α helix or β pleated sheet)
|
secondary structure (of a protein)
|
|
a method of separating metal ions from an aqueous mixture by using a reagent whose anion forms a precipitate with only one or a few of the ions in the mixture
|
selective precipitation
|
|
a substance conducting only a slight electrical current at room temperature, but showing increasing conductivity at higher temperatures
|
semiconductor
|
|
a membrane that allows solvent but not solute molecules to pass through
|
semipermeable membrane
|
|
International System of units based on the metric system and units derived from the metric system
|
SI system
|
|
the hydrocarbon group on an amino acid represented by H, CH3, or a more complex substituent
|
side chain (of an amino acid)
|
|
a covalent bond in which the electron pair is shared in an area centered on a line running between the atoms
|
sigma (σ) bond
|
|
the certain digits and the first uncertain digit of a measurement
|
significant figures
|
|
the fundamental silicon-oxygen compound, which has the empirical formula SiO2, and forms the basis of quartz and certain types of sand
|
silica
|
|
salts that contain metal cations and polyatomic silicon-oxygen anions that are usually polymeric
|
silicates
|
|
a bond in which one pair of electrons is shared by two atoms
|
single bond
|
|
a metallurgical process that involves reducing metal ions to the free metal
|
smelting
|
|
the amount of a substance that dissolves in a given volume of solvent at a given temperature
|
solubility
|
|
the constant for the equilibrium expression representing the dissolving of an ionic solid in water
|
solubility product constant
|
|
a substance dissolved in a liquid to form a solution
|
solute
|
|
a homogeneous mixture
|
solution
|
|
the dissolving medium in a solution
|
solvent
|
|
radioactive damage to an organism resulting in its sickness or death
|
somatic damage
|
|
a model of a molecule showing the relative sizes of the atoms and their relative orientations
|
space-filling model
|
|
the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius
|
specific heat capacity
|
|
ions present in solution that do not participate directly in a reaction
|
spectator ions
|
|
a listing of ligands in order based on their ability to produce d-orbital splitting
|
spectrochemical series
|
|
the spontaneous splitting of a heavy nuclide into two lighter nuclides
|
spontaneous fission
|
|
a process that occurs without outside intervention
|
spontaneous process
|
|
a unit of pressure equal to 760 mm Hg
|
standard atmosphere
|
|
the enthalpy change that accompanies the formation of one mole of a compound at 25°C from its elements, with all substances in their standard states at that temperature
|
standard enthalpy of formation
|
|
the change in free energy that will occur for one unit of reaction if the reactants in their standard states are converted to products in their standard states
|
standard free energy change
|
|
the change in free energy that accompanies the formation of one mole of a substance from its constituent elements with all reactants and products in their standard states
|
standard free energy of formation
|
|
a platinum conductor in contact with 1 M H+ ions and bathed by hydrogen gas at one atmosphere
|
standard hydrogen electrode
|
|
the potential of a half-reaction under standard state conditions, as measured against the potential of the standard hydrogen electrode
|
standard reduction potential
|
|
a solution whose concentration is accurately known
|
standard solution
|
|
a reference state for a specific substance defined according to a set of conventional definitions
|
standard state
|
|
the condition 0°C and 1 atmosphere of pressure
|
standard temperature and pressure (STP)
|
|
a stationary wave as on a string of a musical instrument; in the wave mechanical model, the electron in the hydrogen atom
|
standing wave
|
|
a property that is independent of the pathway
|
state function (property)
|
|
the three different forms in which matter can exist; solid, liquid, gas
|
states of matter
|
|
isomerism in which all the bonds in the isomers are the same but the spatial arrangements of the atoms are different
|
stereoisomerism
|
|
the factor (always less than 1) that reflects the fraction of collisions with orientations that can produce a chemical reaction
|
steric factor
|
|
quantities of reactants mixed in exactly the correct amounts so that all are used up at the same time
|
stoichiometric quantities
|
|
an acid that completely dissociates to produce H+ ion and the conjugate base
|
strong acid
|
|
a metal hydroxide salt that completely dissociates into its ions in water
|
strong base
|
|
a material that, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts an electric current very efficiently
|
strong electrolyte
|
|
the representation of a molecule in which the relative positions of the atoms are shown and the bonds are indicated by lines
|
structural formula
|
|
isomerism in which the isomers contain the same atoms but one or more bonds differ
|
structural isomerism
|
|
a reaction in which less than one neutron causes another fission event and the process dies out
|
subcritical reaction (nuclear)
|
|
the process by which a substance goes directly from the solid to the gaseous state without passing through the liquid state
|
sublimation
|
|
a set of orbitals with a given azimuthal quantum number
|
subshell
|
|
a reaction in which an atom, usually a halogen, replaces a hydrogen atom in a hydrocarbon
|
substitution reaction (hydrocarbons)
|
|
the process of cooling a liquid below its freezing point without its changing to a solid
|
supercooling
|
|
a reaction in which more than one neutron from each fission event causes another fission event; the process rapidly escalates to a violent explosion
|
supercritical reaction (nuclear)
|
|
the process of heating a liquid above its boiling point without its boiling
|
superheating
|
|
a compound containing the O_2- anion
|
superoxide
|
|
the resistance of a liquid to an increase in its surface area
|
surface tension
|
|
everything in the universe surrounding a thermodynamic system
|
surroundings
|
|
a polymer chain in which the substituent groups such as CH3 are arranged on alternate sides of the chain
|
syndiotactic chain
|
|
synthetic gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, obtained by coal gasification
|
syngas
|
|
that part of the universe on which attention is to be focused
|
system (thermodynamic)
|
|
an error that always occurs in the same direction
|
systematic error
|
|
a process in steel production that fine-tunes the proportions of carbon crystals and cementite by heating to intermediate temperatures followed by rapid cooling
|
tempering
|
|
a reaction involving the simultaneous collision of three molecules
|
termolecular step
|
|
the overall shape of a protein, long and narrow or globular, maintained by different types of intramolecular interactions
|
tertiary structure (of a protein)
|
|
the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely consumed
|
theoretical yield
|
|
a set of assumptions put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of matter
|
theory
|
|
the oxygen-depleting effect on lakes and rivers of using water for industrial cooling and returning it to its natural source at a higher temperature
|
thermal pollution
|
|
the potential energy of a particular nucleus as compared to the sum of the potential energies of its component protons and neutrons
|
thermodynamic stability (nuclear)
|
|
the study of energy and its interconversions
|
thermodynamics
|
|
a substance that when molded to a certain shape under appropriate conditions can later be remelted
|
thermoplastic polymer
|
|
a substance that when molded to a certain shape under pressure and high temperatures cannot be softened again or dissolved
|
thermoset polymer
|
|
the entropy of a perfect crystal at 0 K is zero
|
third law of thermodynamics
|
|
a technique in which one solution is used to analyze another
|
titration
|
|
another name for millimeter of mercury (mm Hg)
|
torr
|
|
a small RNA fragment that finds specific amino acids and attaches them to the protein chain as dictated by the codons in mRNA
|
transfer RNA (tRNA)
|
|
several series of elements in which inner orbitals (d or f orbitals) are being filled
|
transition metals
|
|
the elements beyond uranium that are made artificially by particle bombardment
|
transuranium elements
|
|
a bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms
|
triple bond
|
|
the point on a phase diagram at which all three states of a substance are present
|
triple point
|
|
the scattering of light by particles in a suspension
|
Tyndall effect
|
|
the characteristic that any measurement involves estimates and cannot be exactly reproduced
|
uncertainty (in measurement)
|
|
a reaction step involving only one molecule
|
unimolecular step
|
|
the smallest repeating unit of a lattice
|
unit cell
|
|
an equivalence statement between units used for converting from one unit to another
|
unit factor method
|
|
the combined proportionality constant in the ideal gas law; .08206 L*atm/(K*mol) or 8.3145 J/(K*mol)
|
universal gas constant
|
|
the electrons in the outermost principal quantum level of an atom
|
valence electrons
|
|
a model whose main postulate is that the structure around a given atom in a molecule is determined prinicipally by minimizing electron-pair repulsions
|
valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) model
|
|
a mathematical expression for describing the behavior of real gases
|
Van der Waals equation
|
|
the ratio of moles of particles in solution to moles of solute dissolved
|
Van't Hoff factor
|
|
the pressure of the vapor over a liquid at equilibrium
|
vapor pressure
|
|
the change in state that occurs when a liquid evaporates to form a gas
|
vaporization (evaporation)
|
|
the resistance of a liquid to flow
|
viscosity
|
|
the unit of electrical potential defined as one joule of work per coulomb of charge transferred
|
volt
|
|
an instrument that measures cell potential by drawing electric current through a known resistance
|
voltmeter
|
|
a process involving titration of one solution with another
|
volumetric analysis
|
|
a process in which sulfur is added to rubber and the mixture is heated, causing cross-linking of the polymer chains and thus adding strength to the rubber
|
vulcanization
|
|
a function of the coordinates of an electron's position in three-dimensional space that describes the properties of the electron
|
wave function
|
|
a model for the hydrogen atom in which the electron is assumed to behave as a standing wave
|
wave mechanical model
|
|
the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs in a wave
|
wavelength
|
|
an acid that dissociates only slightly in aqueous solution
|
weak acid
|
|
a base that reacts with water to produce hydroxide ions to only a slight extent in aqueous solution
|
weak base
|
|
a material which, when dissolved in water, gives a solution that conducts only a small electric current
|
weak electrolyte
|
|
the force exerted on an object by gravity
|
weight
|
|
force acting over a distance
|
work
|
|
a technique for establishing the structure of crystalline solids by directing X rays of a single wavelength at a crystal and obtaining a diffraction pattern from which interatomic spaces can be determined
|
x-ray diffraction
|
|
the area encompassing the stable nuclides on a plot of their positions as a function of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus
|
zone of nuclear stability
|
|
a metallurgical process for obtaining a highly pure metal that depends on continuously melting the impure material and recrystallizing the pure metal
|
zone refining
|