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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When energy is transferred from one object to another, it appears as _________ and/or ________. |
Work, heat |
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__________ is the part of the universe we are focusing on, and the __________ are everything else. |
The System, surroundings |
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∆E = ?
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E (final) - E (initial) also, E (products) - E (reactants) (∆E is the transfer of energy to/from system from/to surroundings) |
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E (final) < E (initial) when... |
A system releases energy to the surroundings (∆E < 0) |
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E(final) > E (initial) when... |
A system absorbs energy from the surroundings (∆E > 0) |
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Heat (thermal energy) symbolized by ____ , is the energy transferred as a result of difference in ____________ between system and surroundings. |
q, temperature |
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________ (w) is the transfer of energy when an object is moved by __________. |
Work, force. |
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∆E = ________ + ________
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q, w (heat + work) |
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When ∆E is _______ energy is transferred INTO the system.
When ∆E is _______ energy is transferred OUT from the system. |
POSITIVE, NEGATIVE |
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When a system transfers energy as heat (q), but does no work (w), ∆E = _______ + ________ . |
q, 0 |
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When heat (q) flows OUT, q is __________ . When heat (q) flows IN, q is __________ . |
Negative Positive |
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Work (w) done BY a system, w is _________ . Work (w) done ON a system, w is ________ . |
Negative Positive |
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________ law of thermodynamics (law of conservation of energy) states the total ___________ of the universe is __________. |
First, energy, constant. |
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law of conservation of energy: ∆E (_____) = ∆E (_______) + ∆E (________) = 0 |
universe, system, surroundings. |
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Equation for Work (w): w = ? |
w = F x d
(force x distance) |
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Equation for Force: F = ? |
F = m x a (mass x acceleration) (m/s) and (m/s^2) |
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SI unit of energy is the _________ (J), measured in _______ / _______ . |
Joule, kg x m^2 s^2 (1 J = 1 kg⋅m^2 / s^2) |
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Calorie (cal) is the quantity of energy needed to raise the temp (T) of _______ of water by ______. |
1 g 1°C (specifically, from 14.5°C to 15.5°C) |
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1 cal = ________ J 1 J = _________ cal |
4.184 1/4.184 or 0.2390 |
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______ kJ = 1000 J = _______ kcal = 239.0 cal |
1 0.2390 |
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Btu = British thermal unit ________ Btu = 1055 J |
1 |
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State function is a _______ dependent ONLY on the _________________ of the system, NOT on the ________ the system takes to reach that state. |
property, current state, path. |
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_________ energy (E) of a system is called a _______function. |
Internal state |
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The current state of a system is made up of its: _______, _________, ________, and ________. |
composition
volume pressure temperature |
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∆E _______ depend on how the change takes place, but only on the _______ between FINAL and INITIAL states.
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does not, difference. |
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Examples of state functions include... |
Pressure (P) Volume (V) Temperature (T) Internal Energy (E) |
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Enthalpy is a _______________ variable that relates directly to energy changes at _______________ pressure. |
thermodynamic, constant. |
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Two types of chemical work are: __________________________ work and __________________________ work. |
electrical pressure-volume (PV) |
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Electrical work is done by _________________. |
moving charged particles. |
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PV work is the mechanical work done when ____________________________________________. |
the volume of a system changes in the presence of an external pressure (P). |
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Pressure-volume work Equation |
w = -P∆V |
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1 atm⋅L = ? |
101.3 J |
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Enthalpy (H) is ______ at constant ______. |
heat (q) pressure. |
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Exothermic; heat as a __________. _____________ heat and results in a _______________ in the enthalpy of the system. |
Product, Releases, Decrease. |
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Endothermic; heat as a __________. _____________ heat and results in an ______________ in the enthalpy of the system. |
Reactant, absorbs, increase. |
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Formula for Enthalpy |
H = E + PV |
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Heat capacity = ? |
q / ∆T [in units of J/K] |
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Specific heat capacity (c) = ? |
q / ( mass x ∆T) [in units of J/K] |
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To calculate heat absorbed or released: |
q = c ⋅ mass ⋅ ∆T |
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Molar heat capacity (C) = ? |
q / (amount (mol) ⋅ ∆T) [in units of J/mol⋅K] |
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Calorimeter is a device used to measure _______ released (or absorbed) by a ______________ or ______________ process. |
heat, physical, chemical. |
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Coffee-cup calorimeter measures heat at constant ___________. |
Pressure |