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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Hypothesis
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An idea that is tentatively proposed as an explanation for some observation and provides a basis for experimentation
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Qualitative Data
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Describes an observation using adjectives
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Quantitative Data
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Describes an observation using numeric data
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Scientific law
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A statement that summarizes and explains a wide range of experimental results, and has not been contradicted by experiments.
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A law can predict _______ ________ and also can be _________ or _______ by new experiments
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A law can predict _unknown_ _results_ and also can be _disproved_ or _falsified_ by new experiments
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Scientific Theory
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A unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them.
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A Scientific theory usually suggests new ______ and ________, and may have to be ______ or _______ if contradicted by new experimental results.
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A Scientific theory usually suggests new _hypotheses_ and _experiments_, and may have to be _modified_ or _discarded_ if contradicted by new experimental results.
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a Scientific Model . . .
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. . . is a physical or mathematical representation of a law or theory.
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Substance
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Matter that has the same properties and the same composition throughout the sample.
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Physical Change
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Changes in the physical properties of a substance; a change in the physical state or size. Intermolecular change.
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Temperature
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Property of matter that determines whether there can be heat energy transfer from one object to another
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Density formula
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d=m/v
density = mass/volume |
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Dimensional Analysis
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A method of using units in calculations to check for correctness
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Proportionality Factor (Conversion Factor)
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A ration whose numerator and denominator have different units but refer to the same thing.
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Conversion Factor allows for ________ from one kind of ____ to a different kind of ____
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Conversion Factor allows for _conversion _ from one kind of _unit_ to a different kind of _unit_
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Chemical Changes/Reactions
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When one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into one or more different substances (products). Intramolecular changes.
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Chemical Properties
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Describe the kinds of chemical reactions a substance can undergo.
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Energy
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The capacity to do work, to make something happen
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Heterogeneous mixture
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A mixture in which properties in one region are different from the properties of another region
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Homogeneous mixture
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A completely uniform mixture that consists of two or more substances in the same phase.
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A homogeneous mixture is also called a:
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Solution
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A substance has characteristic _______ that distinguish it from other _______
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A substance has characteristic _properties_ that distinguish it from other _substances_
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Reactant
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"Input" (elements, compunds, etc) to a chemical change
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Products
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Results of a chemical change
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Decomposition
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The separation of substances from mixtures which can be converted into two or more simpler substances by chemical reactions
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Chemical Elements (Elements)
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Substances that cannot be decomposed. i.e. cannot be converted into two or more simpler substances by chemical reactions
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Examples of physical properties
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Temperature
Pressure Mass Volume State (solid, liquid, gas) Melting point Boiling point Density Color Shape of solid crystals Hardness, Brittleness Heat capacity Thermal conductivity Electrical conductivity |
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Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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All matter consists of extremely tiny particles (atoms or molecules) that are in constant motion.
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Solid - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Closely packed particles that vibrate back and forth about their average positions
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Liquid - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Loosely packed, fluid, haphazard arrangement of nanoscale particles. Particles are not confined to specific locations, however no particle goes very far without bumping into a neighboring particle
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Gas - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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Fluid because their nanoscale molecules can easily move past one another. Particles fly about to fill any container they are in; hence a gas has no fixed shape or volume
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Temperature - As <I>Interpreted</I> by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
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The higher the temperatures is, the more active the nanoscale particles are.
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Atomic Theory
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An element cannot be decomposed into two or more new substances because at the nanoscale it consists of one and only one kind of atom and because atoms are indivisible under the consitions of chemical reactions
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Atom
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The smallest particleof an element that embodies the chemical properties of that element
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Decomposition
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Separating at least one type of atoms from atoms of another kind
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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There is no detectable change in mass during an ordinary chemical reaction
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Law of Constant Composition
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A chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass
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Modern atomic theiry is based on these assumptions:
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1. All matter is composed of atoms
2. All atoms of a given element have the same chemical properties 3. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two or more different kinds of atoms 4. A chemical reaction involves joining, separating, or rearranging atoms |
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Law of Multiple Proportions
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Elements combine in a ratio of small whole numbers
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Properties of metals
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Solid at room temperature (except for mercury)
Conduct Electricity Ductile (can be drawn into wires) Malleable Can form alloys |
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Most elements are ________
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Most elements are _metals_
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Properties of nonmetals
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Do not Conduct Electricity
Vary in state at room temperature |
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Properties of metalloids
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Shiny like metals
Do not conduct electricity as well as metals (semi-conductors) |
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Name the metalloids
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boron
silicon germanium arsenic antimony tellurium |
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Diatomic molecules
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Always exist in pairs in the elemental form
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Name the Diatomic molecules
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Oxygen
Hydrogen Chlorine Nitrogen Fluorine Iodine Bromine |
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Allotropes
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Different forms of the same element in the same physical state at the same temperature and pressure, e.g. Oxygen O₂ and Ozone O₃
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Name some allotropes of Carbon
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Graphite
Diamond Buckminsterfullerene C₆₀ |
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Formula for converting C to F
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C * 9/5 + 32
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Formula for converting F to C
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(F - 32) * 5/9
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