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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hypothesis
An idea that is tentatively proposed as an explanation for some observation and provides a basis for experimentation
Qualitative Data
Describes an observation using adjectives
Quantitative Data
Describes an observation using numeric data
Scientific law
A statement that summarizes and explains a wide range of experimental results, and has not been contradicted by experiments.
A law can predict _______ ________ and also can be _________ or _______ by new experiments
A law can predict _unknown_ _results_ and also can be _disproved_ or _falsified_ by new experiments
Scientific Theory
A unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them.
A Scientific theory usually suggests new ______ and ________, and may have to be ______ or _______ if contradicted by new experimental results.
A Scientific theory usually suggests new _hypotheses_ and _experiments_, and may have to be _modified_ or _discarded_ if contradicted by new experimental results.
a Scientific Model . . .
. . . is a physical or mathematical representation of a law or theory.
Substance
Matter that has the same properties and the same composition throughout the sample.
Physical Change
Changes in the physical properties of a substance; a change in the physical state or size. Intermolecular change.
Temperature
Property of matter that determines whether there can be heat energy transfer from one object to another
Density formula
d=m/v

density = mass/volume
Dimensional Analysis
A method of using units in calculations to check for correctness
Proportionality Factor (Conversion Factor)
A ration whose numerator and denominator have different units but refer to the same thing.
Conversion Factor allows for ________ from one kind of ____ to a different kind of ____
Conversion Factor allows for _conversion _ from one kind of _unit_ to a different kind of _unit_
Chemical Changes/Reactions
When one or more substances (reactants) are transformed into one or more different substances (products). Intramolecular changes.
Chemical Properties
Describe the kinds of chemical reactions a substance can undergo.
Energy
The capacity to do work, to make something happen
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which properties in one region are different from the properties of another region
Homogeneous mixture
A completely uniform mixture that consists of two or more substances in the same phase.
A homogeneous mixture is also called a:
Solution
A substance has characteristic _______ that distinguish it from other _______
A substance has characteristic _properties_ that distinguish it from other _substances_
Reactant
"Input" (elements, compunds, etc) to a chemical change
Products
Results of a chemical change
Decomposition
The separation of substances from mixtures which can be converted into two or more simpler substances by chemical reactions
Chemical Elements (Elements)
Substances that cannot be decomposed. i.e. cannot be converted into two or more simpler substances by chemical reactions
Examples of physical properties
Temperature
Pressure
Mass
Volume
State (solid, liquid, gas)
Melting point
Boiling point
Density
Color
Shape of solid crystals
Hardness, Brittleness
Heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity
Kinetic-Molecular Theory
All matter consists of extremely tiny particles (atoms or molecules) that are in constant motion.
Solid - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Closely packed particles that vibrate back and forth about their average positions
Liquid - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Loosely packed, fluid, haphazard arrangement of nanoscale particles. Particles are not confined to specific locations, however no particle goes very far without bumping into a neighboring particle
Gas - As explained by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Fluid because their nanoscale molecules can easily move past one another. Particles fly about to fill any container they are in; hence a gas has no fixed shape or volume
Temperature - As <I>Interpreted</I> by The Kinetic-Molecular Theory
The higher the temperatures is, the more active the nanoscale particles are.
Atomic Theory
An element cannot be decomposed into two or more new substances because at the nanoscale it consists of one and only one kind of atom and because atoms are indivisible under the consitions of chemical reactions
Atom
The smallest particleof an element that embodies the chemical properties of that element
Decomposition
Separating at least one type of atoms from atoms of another kind
Law of Conservation of Mass
There is no detectable change in mass during an ordinary chemical reaction
Law of Constant Composition
A chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportion by mass
Modern atomic theiry is based on these assumptions:
1. All matter is composed of atoms
2. All atoms of a given element have the same chemical properties
3. Compounds are formed by the chemical combination of two or more different kinds of atoms
4. A chemical reaction involves joining, separating, or rearranging atoms
Law of Multiple Proportions
Elements combine in a ratio of small whole numbers
Properties of metals
Solid at room temperature (except for mercury)
Conduct Electricity
Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
Malleable
Can form alloys
Most elements are ________
Most elements are _metals_
Properties of nonmetals
Do not Conduct Electricity
Vary in state at room temperature
Properties of metalloids
Shiny like metals
Do not conduct electricity as well as metals (semi-conductors)
Name the metalloids
boron
silicon
germanium
arsenic
antimony
tellurium
Diatomic molecules
Always exist in pairs in the elemental form
Name the Diatomic molecules
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Fluorine
Iodine
Bromine
Allotropes
Different forms of the same element in the same physical state at the same temperature and pressure, e.g. Oxygen O₂ and Ozone O₃
Name some allotropes of Carbon
Graphite
Diamond
Buckminsterfullerene C₆₀
Formula for converting C to F
C * 9/5 + 32
Formula for converting F to C
(F - 32) * 5/9