Chemistry Test 1 Sept 2005

Front 1

Scientific Method

Back 1

a systematic approach to research

Front 2

Steps of the Scientific Method

Back 2

1) Observations 2)hypothesis (if...then)and it is a yes/no question 3) desighn an experiment (must test the hypothesis) 4) conclusion will/will not support hypothesis 5) varify your results by looking for errors and retesting

Front 3

variables

Back 3

things that can be altered (indepenent and dependent variables)

Front 4

Dependent Variable

Back 4

will change in responce to Independent variable. This is the variable that is measured (see example in notes)

Front 5

Independent variable/manipulated variable

Back 5

the variable that is altered and being tested (see example in notes)

Front 6

variables to be controled

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all other conditions must remain the same

Front 7

control setup

Back 7

used for comparison (standard). It does not have the independent variable in it. (see example in notes)

Front 8

experimental setup(s)

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1) anything with the indpendent variable 2) compared to control

Front 9

Theory

Back 9

a generally accepted idea that is believed to be true

Front 10

law

Back 10

concise statement of explanation for a set of experiments

Front 11

colaborate and comunication

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1)allows to brain storm for advancement 2) overlapping 3) shareknowledge (all over the world)

Front 12

Matter

Back 12

anything that occupies space and has mass

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atom

Back 13

smallest/basic unit of matter

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extensive property

Back 14

depends upon how much matter is being considered (ie; mass, volume, length)

Front 15

Intensive properties

Back 15

material does not depend upon how much matter is being considered (ex. density, melting and boiling points, color)

Front 16

states of matter

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solid , liquid, gas, plasma

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solid(s)

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1) definate shape 2) definate volume 3) atoms bonded together (low energy and fixed position- incompressable)

Front 18

Amorphous solid

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no clear structure ex. glass

Front 19

liquid

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(add energy to a solid) 1) no definate shape 2) atoms move. they are still attracted but not bonded (intermolecular forces) 3) fixed volume (incompressable)

Front 20

intermolecular forces

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atoms are sill atracted but not bonded

Front 21

gas

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(more energy) 1) indefinate shape 2) compressable (no set volume) 3) atoms totally independent of eachother (unattracted)

Front 22

plasma

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(most energy) positive ions and electrons (no atoms) cool plasma=50,000-10,000,000 Hot Plasma 10,000,000-1,000,000,000 (all kevin scale)

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Melting

Back 23

solid to liquid

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freezing

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liquid to solid

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evaporation

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liquid to gas

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gas to liquid

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condensation

Front 27

sublamation

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solid to gas

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deposition

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gas to solid

Front 29

physical change

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a change does not change composition of matter

Front 30

SEE MATTER BREAK DOWN IN NOTES

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SEE MATTER BREAK DOWN IN NOTES

Front 31

hypothesis

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tentative explanation for a set of observations

Front 32

Chemistry

Back 32

study of matter and the changes it undergoes

Front 33

element

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substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. 113 elements identified. 82 occur naturally on earth. 31 elements have been created by scientists

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substance

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form of matter that has a definate composition and distinct properties

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homogenous mixture

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composition of the mixture is the same throughout

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heterogeneous mixture

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composition is not uniform throughout

Front 37

physical means

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can be used to separate a mixture into its pure components

Front 38

Mixture

Back 38

combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their distinct identities

Front 39

Aluminum

Back 39

Al

Front 40

Barium

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Ba

Front 41

Bromine

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Br

Front 42

Calcium

Back 42

Ca

Front 43

Carbon

Back 43

C

Front 44

Chlorine

Back 44

Cl

Front 45

Chromium

Back 45

Cr

Front 46

Chromium

Back 46

Cr

Front 47

Cobalt

Back 47

Co

Front 48

Copper

Back 48

Cu

Front 49

Fluorine

Back 49

F

Front 50

Gold

Back 50

Au

Front 51

Hydrogen

Back 51

H

Front 52

Iodine

Back 52

I

Front 53

Iron

Back 53

Fe

Front 54

Lead

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Pb

Front 55

Magnesium

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Mg

Front 56

Manganese

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Mn

Front 57

Mercury

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Hg

Front 58

Nickel

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Ni

Front 59

Nitrogen

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N

Front 60

Oxygen

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O

Front 61

Phosphorus

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P

Front 62

Potassium

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K

Front 63

Silver

Back 63

Ag

Front 64

Sodium

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Na

Front 65

Sulfur

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S

Front 66

Tin

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Sn

Front 67

Zinc

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Zn

Front 68

Compound

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substance composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. They can only be separated into their pure components (elements) by chemical means

Front 69

Distinguishing between elements and compounds

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1) compounds can be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means, but elements cannot. 2) Elements have the same atoms while compounds are made up of two or more different elements

Front 70

Symbols and Formulas

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chemists use chemical symbols to represent elements and chemical formulas to represent compounds

Front 71

Chemical change

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alters the composition or identity of a substance(s) involved. During a chemical change, the composition of matter always changes.

Front 72

Clues of a chemical change

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transfer of energy, color change, production of a gas, precipitation

Front 73

Dansity

Back 73

SI derived unit for density is kg/m3

Front 74

Kelvin

Back 74

1)boiling=373k 2)freezing point=27k

Front 75

Celsius

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0=freezing 100=boiling

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Fahrenheit

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32=melting 212=boiling

Front 77

Accuracy

Back 77

how close a measurement is to the ture value

Front 78

Precision

Back 78

how close a set of measurements are to eachother

Front 79

Dimensional Analysis Method of solving problems

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1) determine which unit conversion factor(s) are needed 2)carry units through calculation 3)if all units cancel except for the desired unit(s), then the problem was solved correctly

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Solution

Back 80

a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

Front 81

physical property

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a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition

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volume

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a measure of the space occupied by a somple of matter

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mass

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a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram

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experiment

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a repeatable procedure that is used to test a hypothesis

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Macroscopic

Back 85

describes the world of objects that are large enough to see with the unaided eye

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microscopic

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describes the world of objects that can be seen only under magnification

Front 87

technology

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the means by which a society provies its members with those things needed and desired

Front 88

organic

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containing carbon

Front 89

inorganic

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does not contain carbon