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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
mass
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the amount of matter something takes up
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volume
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the amount of space something takes up
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matter
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anything that takes up space
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metal
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everything to the left side of the periodic table, conductors, lose an e-, malleable and ductile
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nonmetal
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everything to the right side of the periodic table, gain an e-, covalent bond
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metalloid
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properties similar to metals and non metals
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alkali metals
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1st column of the periodic table, + one charge
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alkali earth metals
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2nd column of the periodic table, + 2 charge
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transition metals
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metals in between the alkali earth metals (column 2) and column 13
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halogens
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refers to the elements in the column before the noble gases aka column 17; need one more electron to have a full valence shell thus a charge of -1
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noble gases
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have a full valence shell; column 18
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groups
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columns PT
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families
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columns in the PT
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rows
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rows in the PT
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periods
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rows in the PT
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isotope
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an atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons
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isotopic notation
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(mass number) (charge)
X (atomic #) |
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ion
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charged atom
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ionic bond
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formed between 2 ions of opposite charge; can form:
cation- lose an e-; + charge anion- gain an e-; - charge |
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covalent bond
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bond formed by sharing an e-; use prefixes to name
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atomic number
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the number of protons in an atom's nucleus
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atomic mass
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average mass of the nuclei of a particular element; this is a weighted average
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mass number
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mass of the nucleus of an atom; this is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of all atoms of an element
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accuracy
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how right an answer is; how close to it
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precision
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consistency; how often you are right
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sig digs
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digits known with certainty plus one estimated digit; when +/- use the least number of decimal places; when X/ / use the least number of sig digs
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density
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mass per unit volume for a substance;
mass/ vol |
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water displacement
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measurement of volume by seeing how hight the water goes when object placed in water, measure how high the water went from original place
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limiting reactant
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the reactant that runs out first
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reactant
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substances used in a reaction
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product
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substance created in a reaction
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mole ratio
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get the numbers from the coefficients infront of the element; use it to go form mole to mole
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coefficient
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the number infront of the symbol
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subscript
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the writing in small print under something
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mole
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unit of measurement to measure very small things; used to compare substances
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molarity
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moles/ 1L; used to measure concentration
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empirical formula
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lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound
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molecular formula
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actual ratio of elements in a compound
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solute
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substance being dissolved
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solvent
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substance that the solvent is being dissolved in
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solution
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homogenous, clear, will not filter out or settle out, negative tyndall effect and is composed of atomic size particles
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dilute
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adding more solvent to a known soln to make less concentrated soln; to weaken the soln
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concentrated (concentration)
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how much is dissolved
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acid
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substance with a H+ ion
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base
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substance with HOH
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solubility rules
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tell you whether a substance will dissolve or precipiate ( pg 114)
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chemical properties
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only be observed by changing the composition of the material/ rusting/ burning/ tarnishing
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physical properties
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can be observed and measured with out changing the composition
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homogeneous
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appears to be the same composition throughout; solutions and colloids
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heterogeneous
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the mixture is not uniform in composition; suspensions,
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suspension
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heterogeneous, will filter, will settle out and is composed of relatively large particles
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colloid
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homogeneous, cloudy, will not filter, does not settle out, positive tyndall effect, and is composed of small, microscopic particles
ex: milk |
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Pauli Exclusion Principle
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no two e- in the same atom can have the same 4 quantum numbers
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Heisenberg Uncertainty principle
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exact location and speed of an e- cannot be determined without changing the its location and speed. most probable location of the e- within the e- cloud is described by the 4 quantum numbers
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Aufbrau Principle
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the method of e- configuration with teh 1s, 2s, 2d
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ionization E
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the E needed remove the most loosely held e- from an atom
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electromagnetic spectrum
(in order from longest wave/ least E) |
radio waves; microwaves; visible light (ROYGBIV); ultraviolet; x-rays; gamma radiation
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amu
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1/12th the mass of a carbon 12 atom; approximately the mass of a p/ n
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protons
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positively charged particles in the nucleus
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electrons
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negatively charged particles floating around the nucleus
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neutrons
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neutral particles in the nucleus
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leptons
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primary subatomic particles
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hadrons
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composite (made up several things) subatomic particles
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wavelength
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from trough to trough/ crest to crest' the longer the least E
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amplitude
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from the standing wave to to the crest/ amplitude
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frequency
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wavelength/ time= like the speed of the wave
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democritus
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believed that matter was made up of small shapes that can no longer be divided
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mendeleev
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1st to arrange a table of elements vertically using atomic mass and horizontally using chemical properties
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rutherford
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discovered the types of radiation
alpha-positive; beta-negative; gamma-neutral |
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heisenberg
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heisenberg uncertainty principle
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dalton
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his hypothesis: an atom is the smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination with other atoms of the same or different elements
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mosley
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arranged the elements in order of their atomic number horizontally and formed columns of elements with similar properties (modern)
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pauli
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pauli exclusion principle
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thompson
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discovered the electron
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principle quantum number
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shows E level, distance from nucleus (1 the closest); size; 1,2,3,4
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orbital quantum number
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"shape" of the cloud of probability; S-sphere, 2 e-; P- figure 8, 6 e-; d- 4 leaf clover; 10e-, f-very complex; 14 e-
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magnetic quantum number
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orientation in space; mathematical function on x,y, z axis
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spin quantum number
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indicates the direction of spin, each e- in a pair mist spin in opp directions because of like charges attract
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electron configuration (arrow and shorthand)
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arrow-> arrows in order of s, pxyz, d
shorthand-> writing it out in numbers; when writing it, starting at 3, put 4s before 3d |
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periodicity
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with increasing number of atomic number the e- config of atoms display a periodic pattern of change in phy and chem properties
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atomic radius
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alkali metals have the largest radius because only have 1 e- so they hold it loosely in order to get to full outer shell; halogens have smallest radisu b/c they hold e- tightly b/c only need 1 more to have full outer shell; moving form left to right size decreases; moving up to down size increases (b/c add another E level)
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ionization E
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E needed to remove the most loosely held e-; ionization E increases as at # increases in any horizontal row; in column there is a gradual decrease in ionization E as at # increases
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