Chemistry (Reverse Osmosis - Smectic Liquid Crystaline Phase)

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Reverse osmosis

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The process by which water molecules move under high pressure through a semipermeable membrane from the more concentrated to the less concentrated solution

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Reversible process

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A process that can go back and forth between states along exactly the same path; a system at equilibrium is reversible if equilibrium can be shifted by an infintesimal modification of a variable such as temperature

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Ribonucleic acid

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A polynucleotide in which ribose is the sugar component

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Roasting

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Thermal treatment of an ore to bring about chemical reactions involving the furnace atmosphere

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Root-mean-square speed

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The square root of the average of the squared speeds of the gas molecules in a gas sample

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Rotational motion

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Movement of a molecule as though it is spinning like a top

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Salinity

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A measure of the salt content of seawater, brine, or brackish water

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Salt

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An ionic compound formed by replacing one or more H+ of an acid by other cations

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Saponification

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Hydrolysis of an ester in the presence of a base

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Saturated solution

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A solution in which undisolved solute and dissolved solute are in equilibrium

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Scientific law

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A concise verbal statement or a mathematical equation that summarizes a wide range of observations and experiences

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Scientific method

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The general process of advancing scientific knowledge by making experimental observations and by formulating hypotheses, theories, and laws

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Scintillation counter

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An instrument that is used to detect and measure radiation by the fluorescence it produces in a fluorescing medium

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Secondary structure

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The manner in which a protein is coiled or stretched

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Second law of thermodynamics

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A statement of our experience that there is a direction to the way events occur in nature. When a process occurs spontaneously in one direction, it is nonspontaneous in the reverse direction. it is possible to state the second law in many different forms, but they all relate back to the same idea about spontaneity, in any spontaneous process the entropy of the universe increases

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Second-order reaction

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A reaction in which the overall reaction order in the rate law is 2

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Semiconductor

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A solid with limited electrical conductivity

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Sigma bond

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A covalent bond in which electron density is concentrated along the internuclear axis

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Sigma molecular orbital

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A molecular orbital that centers the elctron density about an imaginary line passing through two nuclei

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Significant figures

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The digits that indicate the precision with which a measurement is made all digits of a measured quantity are significant, including the last digit which is uncertain

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Silicates

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Compounds containing silicon and oxygen structurally based on SiO4 tetrahedra

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Single bond

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A covalent bond involving one electron pair

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SI units

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The preferred metric units for use in science

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Slag

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A mixture of molten silicate minerals slags may be acidic or basic, according to the acidity or basicity of the oxide added to the silica

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Smectic liquid crystalline phase

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A liquid crystal in which the molecules are aligned along their long axes and arranged in sheets, with the ends of the molecules aligned