Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
define matter
|
anything that takes up space and has mass
|
|
define element
|
the simplest form of matter that cannot be broken into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction
|
|
define atom
|
basic units of matter that are made up of proteins, neutrons, and electrons
|
|
define atomic number
|
number of protons in the nucleus
|
|
define atomic mass
|
the total mass of the atom (P + N + E); it is the average of all isotopes
|
|
define mass number
|
number of particles in the atom (protons + neutrons)
|
|
define isotope
|
atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons; some are radioactive
|
|
list 3 uses for radioactive isotopes
|
treat cancer, detect cancer, date fossils
|
|
list the major elements of the body
|
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus
|
|
list the 3 subatomic particles, along with the charge each carries
|
protons - positive
neutrons - neutral electrons - negative |
|
list the parts of atoms involved in chemical reactions
|
electrons, specifically the ones in the outer (valence) shell
|
|
state the number of electrons permitted in the first three energy levels
|
level K: 2
level L: 8 level M: 18 for a total of 28 |
|
what are the three major types of chemical bonds?
|
ionic, covalent, hydrogen
|
|
list the three major types of chemical bonds in order of strength
|
weakest: hydrogen
intermediate: ionic strongest: covalent |
|
define ionic bonds
|
one element gives up electron(s) to another element; this produces ions (cations + and anions -); non-directional; intermediate strength [[ie. NaCl gives us Na+ and Cl-]]
|
|
define covalent bonds
|
valence electrons are shared between elements; directional bond (atom only attracts one other atom); strongest bond; most important bond from a biological standpoint [[ie. CH4 (methane)]]
|
|
define hydrogen bonds
|
this bond occurs between a Hydrogen in one polar covalent bond and another atom (usually Oxygen or Nitrogen in another polar covalent bond); directional bond; weakest [[ie. lots of water molecules -- the hydrogens from one compound is also bonded with another oxygen from a different compound]]
|
|
contrast the two types of covalent bonds
|
polar covalent: 1 atom has greater attraction (electronegativity) for electrons than the other when they share (one atom has more of a positive charge) [[ie. one water molecule]]
nonpolar covalent: the atoms equally share the electrons [[ie. H+ and H+]] |
|
define the term "electronegativity"
|
the tendency of an atom to attract electrons in the formation of a bond
|
|
contrast "molecule" and compound"
|
molecule: 2 or more atoms bound together
compound: 2 or more DIFFERENT atoms bound together |
|
the octet rule
|
beginning with the second energy level (because the first one can only hold 2) ---> 8 electrons = stable
|
|
valence
|
the number of extra or missing electrons in the outermost energy level
|
|
what are inert elements?
|
noble gases; they're unreactive because they have 8 electrons in their valence shell, thus they have non need to bond with other elements
|
|
why is water the "universal solvent?"
|
water is found everywhere; it's an aqueous solution and its hydrogen bonding gives water unique properties
|
|
give 5 reasons why water is the universal solvent
|
1. cohesion - water molecules are attracted to each other
2. adhesion - water molecules also stick to other molecules 3. high heat capacity - water needs lots of heat to raise its temperature 4. high heat of vaporization 5. water expands when it freezes 6. water ionizes |
|
what is the difference between "organic" and "inorganic" compounds?
|
organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen; inorganic compounds do not
|
|
what does it mean if something is hydrophilic?
|
"water loving"
|
|
what does it mean if something is hydrophobic?
|
"water-fearing"
|
|
what is a free radical?
|
organic compounds in which a carbon atom has one unpaired electron -- "open bond." they're extremely reactive.
-yl ie. CH3CH2• |
|
what is a hydrocarbon?
|
hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon; divided into 3 groups (based on the types of bonds joining the carbon atoms): alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
|
|
what types of bonds do alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes have?
|
alkanes - ONLY single bonds between carbon atoms
alkenes - at least one double bond between carbon atoms alkynes - at least one triple bond between carbon atoms |
|
what are alcohols?
|
they contain hydroxyl groups (OH). their general formula is ROH, where "R" represents a radical.
-ol the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group is given the lowest # possible. |
|
what is the difference between terminal alcohols and nonterminal alcohols?
|
terminal alcohols have the hydroxyl group on the end (ie. 1-propanol)
nonterminal alcohols have the hydroxyl group on the interior (ie. 2-propanol) |
|
what is an ether?
|
ethers are formed by a dehydration or condensation reaction between 2 alcohol compounds, in which water is removed by combining the hydroxyl (OH) group of one alcohol with the hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group of the other.
the general formula is ROR they are named by naming the two radicals (in alphabetical order), then adding the word "ether." |
|
what are aldehydes?
|
aldehydes are produced by oxidation of terminal alcohols
look for CHO (the aldehyde or formyl group) with the carbon double bonded to the oxygen -al the aldehyde group must be included in finding the carbon backbone |
|
what are ketones?
|
ketones are formed when nonterminal alcohols are oxidized by removal of hydrogen atoms (a double bond forms to the oxygen atom), and the resulting CO group is called the ketone group
the ketone group must be included in finding the carbon backbone the carbon # is indicated, followed by the root of the name and the ending "one" |
|
what are organic (carboxylic) acids?
|
carboxylic acids form when aldehydes are further oxidized by the addition of oxygen. this results in the formation of the COOH group called a carboxyl group.
the carbon that is part of the carboxyl group must be included in the carbon backbone -oic acid |
|
how many carbons does the prefix "meth" have?
|
1
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "eth" have?
|
2
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "prop" have?
|
3
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "but" have?
|
4
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "pent" have?
|
5
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "hex" have?
|
6
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "hept" have?
|
7
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "oct" have?
|
8
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "non" have?
|
9
|
|
how many carbons does the prefix "dec" have?
|
10
|
|
what is the general formula for radicals?
|
R
carbon + hydrogen where there's one unpaired electron |
|
what is the general formula for hydrocarbons?
|
carbon + hydrogen ONLY
|
|
what is the general formula for alcohols?
|
ROH
|
|
what is the general formula for aldehydes?
|
RCHO
|
|
what is the general formula for ketones?
|
RR'CO
|
|
what is the general formula for carboxylic (organic) acids?
|
RCOOH
|
|
what is the general formula for alkanes?
|
|
|
what is the general formula for alkenes?
|
|
|
what is the general formula for alkynes?
|
|
|
how are ethers formed?
|
ethers are formed by a dehydration/condensation reaction between to alcohols; water is removed, leaving ROR
|
|
how are aldehydes formed?
|
oxidation of terminal alcohols
RCHO |
|
how are ketones formed?
|
oxidation by removal of hydrogen in nonterminal alcohols
RCO |
|
how are organic (carboxylic) acids formed?
|
when aldehydes are further oxidized by the addition of oxygen
COOH |
|
name some simple examples of organic molecules
|
butane, propanoic acid, propanal, ethanol, propanone
|
|
what are the major categories of carbohydrates?
|
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
|
|
give 3 examples for each major category of carbohydrates
|
monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose
all are hexoses (have 6 carbons) C6H12O6 disaccharides: maltose, sucrose, lactose C12H22O11 polysaccharides: glycogen, starch, cellulose (& chitin) |
|
contrast the terms "hydrolysis" and "dehydration synthesis"
|
hydrolysis - adding water
dehydration synthesis (condensation) - removal of water |
|
define the term "isomer"
|
chemical compounds with the same formula but different structures
|
|
what are the component monosaccharides for maltose?
|
glucose + glucose
|
|
what are the component monosaccharides for sucrose?
|
glucose + fructose
|
|
what are the component monosaccharides for lactose?
|
glucose + galactose
|
|
what are the differences between glycogen, starch, and cellulose?
|
glycogen is how animals store glucose (in the liver and in muscle cells)
starch is how plants store glucose cellulose gives plants STRUCTURE, not storage! |
|
list the 8 types of lipids:
|
1. triglycerides
2. phospholipids 3. waxes 4. sterols 5. lipoproteins 6. eicosanoids 7. carotenoids 8. fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) |
|
list the building blocks of triglycerides
|
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
|
|
define the term "saturation"
|
only single bonds
|
|
what are the 3 functions of triglycerides?
|
energy, insulation, padding
|
|
what are the 7 functions of proteins?
|
1. structural
2. enzymes 3. regulatory 4. contractile 5. immunological 6. transport 7. energy |
|
what are the building blocks of proteins?
|
amino acids
|
|
what elements do proteins contain?
|
C, H, O, N, S
|