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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What type of molecule is this? |
A phenol |
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What test can you use to prove something is a phenol? |
Add Neutral Iron (III) Chloride to a sample of the substance. If a phenol group there will be a colour change of orange to purple. |
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Do alcohols turn Neutral Iron (III) Chloride purple? |
No! Only phenols |
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What reagent will oxidise primary and secondary alcohols? |
Acidified Dichromate (VI) |
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Name two types is molecules that can't be oxidised by Acidified Dichromate (VI) |
Tertiary alcohols and phenols |
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What is Acidified Dichromate made of? |
Sulfuric Acid and either Sodium Dichromate or Potassium Dichromate |
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What colour does Acidified Dichromate turn as a reaction occurs? |
Orange > green |
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What functional group is this? |
Ketone |
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What functional group is this? |
Aldehyde |
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What functional group is this? |
Carboxylic acid |
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How can you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Partially oxidise it with Acidified Dichromate and relatively gentle conditions |
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How can you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Partially oxidise it with Acidified Dichromate and relatively gentle conditions |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol? |
Fully oxidise it using Acidified Dichromate and severe conditions |
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How can you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Partially oxidise it with Acidified Dichromate and relatively gentle conditions |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol? |
Fully oxidise it using Acidified Dichromate and severe conditions |
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How EXACTLY do you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Add Acidified Dichromate to the primary alcohol and collect the aldehyde through distillation as it forms. It needs to be removed from the mixture otherwise it will be oxidised into a carboxylic acid. |
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How can you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Partially oxidise it with Acidified Dichromate and relatively gentle conditions |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol? |
Fully oxidise it using Acidified Dichromate and severe conditions |
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How EXACTLY do you produce an aldehyde from a primary alcohol? |
Add Acidified Dichromate to the primary alcohol and collect the aldehyde through distillation as it forms. It needs to be removed from the mixture otherwise it will be oxidised into a carboxylic acid. |
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How EXACTLY do you produce a carboxylic acid from a primary alcohol? |
Add Acidified Dichromate to the primary alcohol and heat the mixture under reflux |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde? |
Further oxidise it by heating it under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde? |
Further oxidise it by heating it under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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How can you produce a ketone? |
By heating a secondary alcohol under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde? |
Further oxidise it by heating it under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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How can you produce a ketone? |
By heating a secondary alcohol under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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Can you further oxidise a ketone? |
No |
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How can you produce a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde? |
Further oxidise it by heating it under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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How can you produce a ketone? |
By heating a secondary alcohol under reflux with Acidified Dichromate |
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Can you further oxidise a ketone? |
No |
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How can you tell if an alcohol is tertiary? |
If Acidified Dichromate remains orange when mixed with the alcohol than it is tertiary |
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How can you tell a ketone and an aldehyde apart using Acidified Dichromate? |
Is he Acidified Dichromate goes green when mixed with the compound that it's an aldehyde if it stays orange than it's a ketone. This is because aldehydes can be further oxidised using the Acidified Dichromate whereas ketones have been fully oxidised. |
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What is the name of this functional group? |
Acyl chloridewhat |
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What more reactive: a carboxylic acid or an acyl chloride? |
An acyl chloride. It is more reactive and corrosive. |
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What is the name of this functional group? |
Acyl chloridewhat |
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What more reactive: a carboxylic acid or an acyl chloride? |
An acyl chloride. It is more reactive and corrosive. |
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What's more reactive: a carboxylic or an acid anhydride? |
Acid anhydrides |
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What's the definition of a 'Condensation' reaction? |
The addition of two or more molecules to form a larger molecule, followed by the elimination of a small molecule, such as, water. |
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What functional group is this? |
Ester |
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Name this molecule |
ethylethanoate |
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What's the equation for producing an ester using an carboxylic acid? |
alcohol + carboxylic acid > ester + water
Under reflux with concentrated sulfuric acid |
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The water produced in he production of a carboxylic acid and an alocohol is a... |
By product |
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The water produced in he production of a carboxylic acid and an alocohol is a... |
By product |
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What's the equation for the reaction of an alcohol and a acyl chloride? |
alcohol + acyl chloride > ester + acid
Mix at RTP |
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What condition does the reaction of alcohol and an acyl chloride need to be under and why? |
Anhydrous conditions because the acyl chloride would react with the water otherwise. |
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If possible why would you choose to use a carboxylic acid to produce an ester as opposed to a an acyl chloride? |
Acyl chlorides are way more corrosive and the by-product of the reaction of an acyl chloride with with an alcohol is a acid whereas with a carboxylic acid it is water which is much less toxic and easy to dispose of. |
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What unsuspected functional group can acyl chloride react with to produce an ester? |
Phenols! At RTP and under anhydrous conditions |
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What does a triplet peak indicate about an environment? |
A triplet indicates that the carbon adjacent to the environment has 2H+ in addition to one hydrogen "n+1" |
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What does a broad peak around 3000 cm-1 ppm suggest on a mass spectrometry scale? |
A carboxylic acid group |
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What does a broad peak around 3000 cm-1 ppm suggest on a mass spectrometry scale? |
A carboxylic acid group |
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A student wanted to make a aldehyde from ethanol in the lab but and infrared spectrum suggested that the product was not made. What went wrong? |
Aldehyde need to be oxidised in relatively gentle conditions with Acidified Dichromate and collected through distillation. If it is not collected like this then it will fully oxidise and become a carboxylic acid. |
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What does a broad peak around 3000 cm-1 ppm suggest on a mass spectrometry scale? |
A carboxylic acid group |
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A student wanted to make a aldehyde from ethanol in the lab but and infrared spectrum suggested that the product was not made. What went wrong? |
Aldehyde need to be oxidised in relatively gentle conditions with Acidified Dichromate and collected through distillation. If it is not collected like this then it will fully oxidise and become a carboxylic acid. |
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What functional group is present in Pentanoyl Chloride? |
Acyl chloride |
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What is the name of this molecule? |
Ethanoic Anhydride |
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What functional group represents an ester? |
-C-(=O)O-C... |
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How do you produce an ester from an alcohol? |
React an alcohol with a carboxylic acid with concentrated sulphuric acid whilst heating under reflux which produces an ester and water |
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How do you react phenols with carboxylic acids to form esters? |
You can't. Carboxylic acids are less reactive than alcohols |
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How exactly do alcohols and carboxylic acids react to produce the product and the by-product? |
The H lost from alcohol and the OH lost from carboxylic acid forming the water |
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How exactly do alcohols and carboxylic acids react to produce the product and the by-product? |
The H lost from alcohol and the OH lost from carboxylic acid forming the water |
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What's the definition for a condensation reaction? |
The addition of two or more molecules to form a larger molecule, followed by the elimination of a small molecule such as water |
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Discuss esterification in term of equilibrium |
Esterification reaction is reversible so will reach equilibrium when in an enclosed system. Sulphuric acids absorbs the water so it will absorb the water produced during the condensation reaction so if conc. of water goes down then the system will react to replace it. So position of equilibrium will shift towards product side so a greater yield of ester produced. |
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What's more reactive: acyl chloride or carboxylic acid? |
Acyl chloride |
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What's more reactive: acyl chloride or carboxylic acid? |
Acyl chloride |
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How can you produce a ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol? |
Simply mix the two at RTP due reactivity of acyl chloride. Under anhydrous condition otherwise acyl chloride will react with water. |
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What's more reactive: acyl chloride or carboxylic acid? |
Acyl chloride |
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How can you produce a ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol? |
Simply mix the two at RTP due reactivity of acyl chloride. Under anhydrous condition otherwise acyl chloride will react with water. |
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What does the reaction of an acyl chloride and an alcohol produce? |
Ester + acid |
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What's more reactive: acyl chloride or carboxylic acid? |
Acyl chloride |
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How can you produce a ester from an acyl chloride and an alcohol? |
Simply mix the two at RTP due reactivity of acyl chloride. Under anhydrous condition otherwise acyl chloride will react with water. |
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What does the reaction of an acyl chloride and an alcohol produce? |
Ester + acid |
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Carboxylic acid vs. Acyl chloride |
- acyl chloride more corrosive, so hazardous. - acyl chloride reaction produces acid not water which bad for environment - not a green by-product |
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Can an acid anhydride produce esters? |
Yes. They react with alcohols or phenols producing esters and carboxylic acids. |
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What one bond breaks in a phenol when it reacts with an acid anhydride? |
The H bond |
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Name some commonalities for acids |
• they form solution with PH less than 7 • they turn universal indicator yellow/orange/red colour |
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Name some commonalities for acids |
• they form solution with PH less than 7 • they turn universal indicator yellow/orange/red colour |
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Name some commonalities for alkalis (bases) |
•form solutions with PH more than 7 • turn universal indicator purple/blue |
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What's the bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid? |
A proton donor |
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According to the bronsted-lowry theory, what is a base? |
A proton acceptor |
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According to the bronsted-lowry theory, what is a base? |
A proton acceptor |
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According to the bronsted-lowry definition what is a proton? |
A H+ ion (no electron so only a proton) |
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According to the bronsted-lowry theory, what is a base? |
A proton acceptor |
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According to the bronsted-lowry definition what is a proton? |
A H+ ion (no electron so only a proton) |
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H2O + NH3 > NH4* + OH- What is the base and what is the acid? |
Acid: H2O Base: NH3 |
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How does a carboxylic acid neutralise sodium hydroxide? |
Acid + base > salt + water
The H comes off of the COOH and the O becomes negative attracting the positive Na and the OH- and the H+ combine to produce water. The Na and O combine like: O-Na+ |
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How do acid neutralise weaker bases? |
Acid + base > salt + water + carbon dioxide |
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Name this: CH3COO-Na+ |
Sodium ethanoate |
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What acid is stronger: phenol or carboxylic acid |
Carboxylic acid |
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What acid is stronger: phenol or carboxylic acid |
Carboxylic acid |
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How is a phenol an acid? |
The hydroxyl group can donate its H+ |
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What acid is stronger: phenol or carboxylic acid |
Carboxylic acid |
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How is a phenol an acid? |
The hydroxyl group can donate its H+ |
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What are phenols unable to neutralise? |
Weaker bases, e.g. Carbonates |
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Which of these (carboxylic acid, phenol, alcohol) react and neutralise sodium hydroxide? |
Carboxylic acid and phenol. Alcohol is not strong enough so no reaction |
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Which of these (carboxylic acid, phenol, alcohol) react and neutralise sodium carbonate? |
Carboxylic acid. The others will not. Base too weak for phenol. |
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Which of these (carboxylic acid, phenol, alcohol) react and neutralise sodium carbonate? |
Carboxylic acid. The others will not. Base too weak for phenol. |
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When a carboxylic acid, phenol or alcohol reacts with neutral iron (III) chloride which will go from orange to purple? |
The phenol - this is the specific test for phenol |
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What does 'hydrolysis' mean? |
A reaction of a molecule with water. The water is used to break bonds in the molecule. |
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What does 'hydrolysis' mean? |
A reaction of a molecule with water. The water is used to break bonds in the molecule. |
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When an ester is hydrolysed which products are produced? |
Carboxylic acid and alcohol |
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How are condensation reactions and hydrolysis linked? |
They are effectively the reverse of one another. Hydrolysis breaks and ester with water, whereas, condensation reaction produces an ester |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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Describe the conditions needed for hydrolysis to happen quickly? |
Hydrolysis usually very slow so it is heated under reflux with a catalyst - either a dilute strong acid or a moderately conc. alkali |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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Describe the conditions needed for hydrolysis to happen quickly? |
Hydrolysis usually very slow so it is heated under reflux with a catalyst - either a dilute strong acid or a moderately conc. alkali |
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Name a alkali that can be used as a catalyst for hydrolysis |
NaOH |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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Describe the conditions needed for hydrolysis to happen quickly? |
Hydrolysis usually very slow so it is heated under reflux with a catalyst - either a dilute strong acid or a moderately conc. alkali |
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Name a alkali that can be used as a catalyst for hydrolysis |
NaOH |
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Acids and alkalis both work as catalysts for hydrolysis. Yet they work slightly differently. Explain the difference. |
Acids work as expected they simply provide an a fast route for the reaction to take place producing the carboxylic acid and alcohol. Alkalis work slightly differently. The carboxylic acid formed will be produced but then react with the alkali to form a salt. |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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Describe the conditions needed for hydrolysis to happen quickly? |
Hydrolysis usually very slow so it is heated under reflux with a catalyst - either a dilute strong acid or a moderately conc. alkali |
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Name a alkali that can be used as a catalyst for hydrolysis |
NaOH |
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Acids and alkalis both work as catalysts for hydrolysis. Yet they work slightly differently. Explain the difference. |
Acids work as expected they simply provide an a fast route for the reaction to take place producing the carboxylic acid and alcohol. Alkalis work slightly differently. The carboxylic acid formed will be produced but then react with the alkali to form a salt. |
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What will the salt look like after an ester has been hydrolysed with an alkali catalyst? |
Back (Definition) |
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During hydrolysis of an ester what bond will break? |
The bond the between the O - C of the ester functional group |
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What's the difference between an ether and an ester? |
An ether is an oxygen bonded between two carbons. An ester is an oxygen bonded between two carbons but on one of those carbons is a double bond to another oxygen |
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When a molecules systematic name ends in '-anal' what functional group is present? |
An aldehyde |
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When a molecules systematic name ends in '-anone' what functional group is present? And what does it look like? |
A ketone. This is a carbon chain with a double bond oxygen to one of them |
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What will the salt look like after an ester has been hydrolysed with an alkali catalyst? |
Back (Definition) |
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Name a alkali that can be used as a catalyst for hydrolysis |
NaOH |
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What is the reaction showing? |
The conversion of the salt produced after hydrolysing an ester with an alkali catalyst being converted back to a catalyst with the help of a strong acid. |
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What will the salt look like after an ester has been hydrolysed with an alkali catalyst? |
Back (Definition) |
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Can you convert the salt the produced after the hydrolysis of an ester with an alkali back to a carboxylic acid? If so, how? |
Yes. Add a strong acid, like, HCl it will p |
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What is the reaction showing? |
The conversion of the salt produced after hydrolysing an ester with an alkali catalyst being converted back to a catalyst with the help of a strong acid. |
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When you see '-CHO' what functional group is present? |
An aldehyde |
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CH3CH2OCH3 - what is this? |
An ether |
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What is an ether? |
An oxygen bonded between two carbons |