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61 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
polar molecules
H2O, with opposites charges on different ends
cohesion
binding together alike molecules
adhesion
attraction between different molecules
surface tension
measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, H2O's is high.
specific heat
amount of heat absorbed/lost 1g/1 degree Celsius
hydrophilic
affinity for H2O
hydrophobic
aversion to H2O; coalesce and form droplets
evaporative cooling
property of liquid makes surface cooler in evaporation, loss of molecules with greatest kinetic energy
buffer
a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
organic chemistry
study of organic compounds
hydrocarbon
an organic molecule consisting of only Hydrogen and Carbon
isomer
one of several compounds with the same molecular formulas, but with different structures, therefore different properties. ie. structural, geometric, and enantiomers
structural isomer
same molecular formulas, but with different covalent bond arrangements in their atoms
geometric isomer
same molecular and covalent arrangements, but differ in spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.
enantiomer
one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
functional group
specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions
hydroxyl group
chemical group consisting of a hydrogen atom joining with an oxygen atom. molecules in this group are soluble in water, and called alcohols
alcohol
molecules soluble in water
carbonyl group
chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
aldehyde
any of a class of highly reactive organic compounds that are analogous to acetaldehyde and characterized by a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom
ketone
any of a class of organic compounds (as acetone) that are characterized by a carbonyl group attached to two carbon atoms
carboxyl group
a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
carboxylic acid
one or more carboxyl groups
amino group
chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in a solution, accepting a hydrogen ion with a charge of 1 +
amine
any of a class of basic organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of hydrogen with one or more monovalent hydrocarbon radicals
sulfhydryl group
chemical group with a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
thiol
any of various compounds having the general formula RSH which are analogous to alcohols but in which sulfur replaces the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and which have disagreeable odors
phosphate group
chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer
polymer
a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
monomer
sub-unit that is a building block for polymers
condensation reaction
2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other from a loss of a small molecule, usually water; aka "dehydration reaction"
dehydration reaction
where 2 molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
hydrolysis
chemical process with lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers
polysaccharide
polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
fatty acid
long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length, in number, and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a "triacylglycerol" or "triglyceride".
saturated fatty acid
where all carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, minimizing the number of hydrogen bonds in the carbon skeleton
unsaturated fatty acid
possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; reduces hydrogen atoms in the carbon skeleton
steroid
type of lipid characterized by the carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various chemical groups attached
cholesterol
steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, like hormones.
peptide bond
covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on the next, formed by a dehydration reaction
primary structure
level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages
tertiary structure
irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic reactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
quaternary structure
particular shape of complex, aggregate protein, defined by characteristic 3D arrangement in sub-units, each a polypeptide.
denaturation
in proteins, where proteins unravel and lose their natural shape, becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of 2 strands in the double helix. Only occurs in extreme pH conditions, salt concentration, and temperature
nucleic acid
polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the action of proteins, for all cellular activities - DNA and RNA
purine
1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, with a 6-membered ring fused to a 5 member ring, ie. Adenine and Guanine.
pyrimidine
1 of 2 nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, with 6-membered rings, ie. Cytostine, Thymine, and Uracil
metabolism
totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manager the material and energy of the cell
catabolic pathways
releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones
anabolic pathways
consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds
thermodynamics
study of energy transformations that occur in the collection of matter
1st law of thermo.
application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes. The first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system work. It is used extensively in the discussion of heat engines.
2nd law of thermo.
a general principle which places constraints upon the direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiencies of heat engines. In so doing, it goes beyond the limitations imposed by the first law of thermodynamics. It's implications may be visualized in terms of the waterfall analogy.
free energy
portion of biological system's energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system
energy coupling
in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
catalyst
chemical agent that increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction
competitive inhibitors
substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
noncomp. inhibitors
reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site is no longer effective.
feedback inhibitors
method of metabolic control where the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
entropy
measure of disorder, randomness.