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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
polar molecules
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H2O, with opposites charges on different ends
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cohesion
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binding together alike molecules
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adhesion
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attraction between different molecules
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surface tension
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measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid, H2O's is high.
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specific heat
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amount of heat absorbed/lost 1g/1 degree Celsius
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hydrophilic
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affinity for H2O
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hydrophobic
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aversion to H2O; coalesce and form droplets
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evaporative cooling
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property of liquid makes surface cooler in evaporation, loss of molecules with greatest kinetic energy
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buffer
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a substance that consists of acid and base forms in a solution and that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution
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organic chemistry
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study of organic compounds
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hydrocarbon
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an organic molecule consisting of only Hydrogen and Carbon
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isomer
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one of several compounds with the same molecular formulas, but with different structures, therefore different properties. ie. structural, geometric, and enantiomers
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structural isomer
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same molecular formulas, but with different covalent bond arrangements in their atoms
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geometric isomer
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same molecular and covalent arrangements, but differ in spatial arrangements of their atoms owing to the inflexibility of double bonds.
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enantiomer
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one of two compounds that are mirror images of each other.
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functional group
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specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions
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hydroxyl group
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chemical group consisting of a hydrogen atom joining with an oxygen atom. molecules in this group are soluble in water, and called alcohols
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alcohol
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molecules soluble in water
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carbonyl group
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chemical group present in aldehydes and ketones and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
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aldehyde
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any of a class of highly reactive organic compounds that are analogous to acetaldehyde and characterized by a carbonyl group attached to a hydrogen atom
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ketone
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any of a class of organic compounds (as acetone) that are characterized by a carbonyl group attached to two carbon atoms
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carboxyl group
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a chemical group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group.
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carboxylic acid
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one or more carboxyl groups
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amino group
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chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to 2 hydrogen atoms; can act as a base in a solution, accepting a hydrogen ion with a charge of 1 +
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amine
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any of a class of basic organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of hydrogen with one or more monovalent hydrocarbon radicals
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sulfhydryl group
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chemical group with a sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom
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thiol
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any of various compounds having the general formula RSH which are analogous to alcohols but in which sulfur replaces the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and which have disagreeable odors
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phosphate group
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chemical group consisting of a phosphorous atom bonded to four oxygen atoms; important in energy transfer
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polymer
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a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together
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monomer
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sub-unit that is a building block for polymers
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condensation reaction
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2 molecules become covalently bonded to each other from a loss of a small molecule, usually water; aka "dehydration reaction"
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dehydration reaction
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where 2 molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule
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hydrolysis
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chemical process with lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water, functioning in disassembly of polymers to monomers
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polysaccharide
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polymer of up to over a thousand monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions
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fatty acid
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long carbon chain carboxylic acid; vary in length, in number, and location of double bonds; 3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a "triacylglycerol" or "triglyceride".
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saturated fatty acid
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where all carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, minimizing the number of hydrogen bonds in the carbon skeleton
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unsaturated fatty acid
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possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail; reduces hydrogen atoms in the carbon skeleton
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steroid
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type of lipid characterized by the carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various chemical groups attached
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cholesterol
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steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, like hormones.
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peptide bond
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covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on the next, formed by a dehydration reaction
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primary structure
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level of protein structure referring to the specific sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure
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repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages
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tertiary structure
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irregular contortions of a protein molecule due to interactions of side chains involved in hydrophobic reactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges
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quaternary structure
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particular shape of complex, aggregate protein, defined by characteristic 3D arrangement in sub-units, each a polypeptide.
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denaturation
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in proteins, where proteins unravel and lose their natural shape, becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of 2 strands in the double helix. Only occurs in extreme pH conditions, salt concentration, and temperature
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nucleic acid
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polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins, and through the action of proteins, for all cellular activities - DNA and RNA
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purine
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1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, with a 6-membered ring fused to a 5 member ring, ie. Adenine and Guanine.
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pyrimidine
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1 of 2 nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, with 6-membered rings, ie. Cytostine, Thymine, and Uracil
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metabolism
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totality of an organism's chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways, which manager the material and energy of the cell
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catabolic pathways
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releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones
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anabolic pathways
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consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds
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thermodynamics
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study of energy transformations that occur in the collection of matter
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1st law of thermo.
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application of the conservation of energy principle to heat and thermodynamic processes. The first law makes use of the key concepts of internal energy, heat, and system work. It is used extensively in the discussion of heat engines.
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2nd law of thermo.
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a general principle which places constraints upon the direction of heat transfer and the attainable efficiencies of heat engines. In so doing, it goes beyond the limitations imposed by the first law of thermodynamics. It's implications may be visualized in terms of the waterfall analogy.
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free energy
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portion of biological system's energy that can perform work when temp and pressure are uniform throughout the system
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energy coupling
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in cellular metabolism, the use of energy released from an exergonic reaction to drive an endergonic reaction
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catalyst
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chemical agent that increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed by the reaction
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competitive inhibitors
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substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics.
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noncomp. inhibitors
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reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a location remote from the active site, changing the enzyme's shape so that the active site is no longer effective.
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feedback inhibitors
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method of metabolic control where the end product of a metabolic pathway acts as an inhibitor of an enzyme within that pathway
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entropy
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measure of disorder, randomness.
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