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71 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany these processes.-- KMY

Physical Properties

A characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance.--KMY

Physical Changes

A change in a substance that does not involve a change in the identity of the substance.--KMY
Chemical Properties
This relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that transform it into different substances.--KMY
Chemical Changes
A change in which one or more substances are converted into different substances.--KMY
Matter
Anything that takes up space.--KMY
Homogeneous Mixtures
These mixtures are called solutions and they are uniform in composition. An example is a salt-water solution.--KMY
Heterogeneous Mixtures
These mixtures are not uniform throughout. An example is a clay-water mixture.--KMY
Element
A pure substance that is made of one type of atom.--KMY
Compounds
A substance that is made from 2 or more elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio.--KMY
Periods
The horizontal rows of elements in the periodic table (also known as series).--KMY
Groups
The vertical columns of the periodic table (also known as families).--KMY
Metals
An element that is a good electrical conductor and a good heat conductor.--KMY
Density (D=m/v)
The ratio of mass to volume, or mass divided by volume.--KMY
Percentage Error
It is calculated by subtracting the accepted value from the experimental value, dividing the difference by the accepted value, and then multiplying by 100.--KMY
Significant Figures
A measurement consisting of all the digits known with certainty plus one final digit, which is somewhat uncertain or is estimated.--KMY
Atom
The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.--KMY
Proton
A positively charged particle in the nucleus.--KMY
Neutron
A neutral particle in the nucleus.--KMY
Electron
A negatively charged particle surrounding the nucleus.--KMY
Atomic Number
The number of protons of each atom of that element.--KMY
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have different masses.--KMY
Mass Number
The total number of protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus of an isotope.--KMY
Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of any atom is determined by comparing it with the mass of the carbon-12 atom.--KMY
Molecular Compound
A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules.--KMY
Single Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.--KMY
Double Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.--KMY
Triple Covalent Bond
A covalent bond in which three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.--KMY
Ionic Compound
This is composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal.--KMY
Polyatomic Ions
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms.--KMY
Molecular Geometry
The three-dimensional arrangement of a molecule’s atoms.--KMY
VSEPR Theory
It is used to predict the geometries of more-complicated molecules, one must consider the locations of all electron pairs surrounding the bonding atoms.--KMY
Anions
Negative ions.--KMY
Cations
Positive ions.--KMY
Binary Ionic Compounds
Compounds composed of two elements.--KMY
Oxidation Numbers
These can be assigned to atoms in order to keep track of electron distributions in molecular as well as ionic compounds.--KMY
Gram Formula Mass
Of any molecule, formula unit, or ion it is the sum of the average atomic masses of all atoms represented in its formula.--KMY
Alkali Metals
The elements of Group 1 of the periodic table.--KMY
Alkaline Earths
The elements of Group 2 of the periodic table.--KMY
Transition Elements/D-Block
The d-block elements are metals with typical metallic properties.--KMY
P-Block
It consists of all the elements of Groups 13–18 except helium.--KMY
Halogens
The elements of Group 17.--KMY
Atomic Radius
One-half the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together.--KMY
Ion
An atom or group of bonded atoms that has a positive or negative charge.--KMY
Valence Electrons
The electrons available to be lost, gained, or shared in the formation of chemical compounds.--KMY
S-Block
Group 1 and 2 on the periodic table.--KMY
F-Block
Elements at the bottom that are separated from the rest of the table.--KMY
Covalent Compound
When two atoms form a covalent bond, their shared electrons form overlapping orbitals.--KMY
Mono
1
Di
2
Tri
3
Tetra
4
Penta
5
Hexa
6
Hepta
7
Octa
8
Nona
9
Deca
10
Diatomic Molecules
These are molecules composed only of two atoms, of either the same or different chemical elements.--KMY
Non-Metals
An element that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity.--KMY
Noble Gases
Elements in Group 18 of the periodic table.--KMY
Dalton's Atomic Theory
All matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms.--KMY
Thomsen
Thomson’s cathode-ray tube experiments measured the charge-to-mass ratio of an electron.--KMY
Rutherford
He provided more detail about the atom structure and he called the positive bundle of matter the nucleus.--KMY
Chadwick
He discovered neutrons in the atom.--KMY
Ternary Ionic Compounds
A compound composed of at least three different types of atoms usually a metal and a polyatomic ion which are ionically bonded.--KMY
Polar Molecule
A molecule in which the centroid of the positive charges is different from the centroid of the negative charges.--KMY
Non-polar Molecule
A molecule which has no separation of charge, so no positive or negative poles are formed.--KMY
Chemical Symbols
A notation for one of the chemical elements, consisting of letters.--KMY
Bond Angles
The angle that is formed between two adjacent bonds on the same atom.--KMY
Inner-Transition Metals
They are two series of elements known as the lanthanides and actinides.--KMY