Chemistry Final Vocab

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element

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the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties; an element cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

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mixture

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a physical blend of two or more substances that are not chemically combined

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compound

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a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion

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substance

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matter that has a uniform and definite composition; either an element or compound; also called pure substance

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atom

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the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction

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phase

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any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties

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solution

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a homogeneous mixture; consists of solutes dissolved in a solvent

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mass

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a measure of the amount of matter that an object contains; the SI base unit of mass is the kilogram

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reactant

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a substance present at the start of a reaction

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product

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a substance produced in a chemical reaction

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solid

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a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

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liquid

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a form of matter that flows, has a fixed volume, and an indefinite shape

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gas

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a form of matter that takes the shape and the volume of its container; a gas has no definite shape or volume

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vapor

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describes the gaseous state of a substance thay is generally a liquid or solid at room temperature

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atomic number

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the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element

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mass number

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the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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proton

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a poditively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom

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neutron

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a subatomic particle with no charge and a mass of 1 amu; found in the nucleus of an atom

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electron

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a negatively charged subatomic particle

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isotope

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atoms of the same element thay have the dame atomic number but different atomic masses due to a different number of neutrons

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ion

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an atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge

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nuclear fission

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the processes in which the nuclei of certain isotopes are bombarded with neutrons, splitting the nucleus into smaller fragments

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nuclear fusion

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the process in which nuclei combine to produce a nucleus of greater mass; fusion has a greater energy potential than fission

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ionic bond

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the electrostatic attraction thay binds oppositely charged ions together

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covalent bond

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a bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms

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polar bond

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a covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally

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polar molecule

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a molecule in which one side of the molecule is slightly negative and the opposite side is slightly positive

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empirical formula

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a formula wotht the lowest whole number ratio of elements in a compound

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molecular formula

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a chemical formula of a molecular compound that shows the kinds and numbers of atoms present in a molecule of a compound

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quantum

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the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another

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energy level

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the specific energied an electron in an atom or other system can have

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sublevel

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the number of possible orbitals contained in an energy level

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orbital

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thought to be the region space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron

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metal

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one of a class of elements that are good conductors of heat and eletric current; metals tend to be malleable and shiny

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nonmetal

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an element that tends to be a poor conductor of heat and eletric current; nonmetals generally have properties opposite of those of metals

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metalloid

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an element that tends to have properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals

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electronegativity

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the ability of an atom to attract electrons when the atom is in the compound

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period

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a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table

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family

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a column of elements in the periodic table

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representative element

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an elementin an A group in the periodic table; as a group of these elements display a wide range of physical and chemical properties

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noble gas

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an element in Group 8A of the periodic table of elements

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transition metal

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one of the Group B elements in the periodic table of elements

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inner transition metals

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an element in the lanthanide or actinide series