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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

scientific method

1. observation


2. hypothesis


3. experiment


4. theory

observation

facts obtained by observing and measuring events in nature

hypothesis

a statement that explains theobservations

experiment

procedures that test the hypothesis

theory

a model that describes how theobservations occur using experimental results

chemical change

a change in which a new substance is produced




*physical change* common sense

homogeneous mixture

the composition is uniform; different parts of the mixture are not visible

heterogeneous mixtures

the composition if not uniform, the different parts of the mixture are visible

percent abundance

percentage of atoms of a particular isotopes in a pure sample of an element

isotopes

atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

mass number

number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

atomic number

this number gives the number of protons in n atom

a nugget of gold with a mass of 521 g is added to a 50 ml of water. the water level rose to a volume of 77 ml. what is the density?

77 ml - 50 ml = 27 ml




d = m / v


d = 521 g / 27 ml


d = 19.3 g/ml

rules of density

the heavier the density = sinks


the lighter the density = floats

# of Protons?

# of Protons?

19

# of electrons?

# of electrons?

19

# of neutrons?

# of neutrons?

mass number - atomic number = ?
39 - 19 = 20



electrons carry a ___________ charge

negative

neutrons carry a __________ charge

neutral

protons carry a _________ charge

positive

alkali metals

group 1 on the periodic table, excluding hydrogen

alkaline earth metals

group 2 on the periodic table

transition metals

groups 3 - 12 on the periodic table

halogens

group 17 on the periodic table

noble gases

group 18 on the periodic table

ionic compound

compounds composed of cations and anions;


for example, aluminum and bromine

cation

formed when an atom loses electrons

7244 in scientific notation:


a. 72.44 x 10^2


or


b. 7.244 x 10^3

B

nanometers in 9 meters


a. 9 x 10^9


or


b. 9 x 10^-12



A

formula for kelvin

C + 273

formula for atomic weight

A(A%) + B(B%)

molarity:


a 16.4 g sample of HF is dissolved in water to give a 2.0 x 10^2 ml of solution the concentration of the solution is?

find the moles of HF:


H = 1.008 (1) = 1.008


F = 18.99 (1) = 18.99


Total: 20 mol




weight of HF / moles x solution


(16.4 g) / 20 mol (.200 ml)


4.10



Soluble ionic compounds containing the hydroxide ion are called strong _______

bases

a ______ electron dissociated completes in an aqueous solution

weak

molarity is defined as ______ of solute, per volume of solution in _______

moles / liters

boyles law

the volume of a fixed amount of gas inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature

boyles law


a gas sample is heated from -20 C to 57 C and the volume is increased from 2.0 L to 4.50 L. if the initial pressure is 0.140 atm, what is the final pressure?

P1V1 = P2V2




P1 = 0.140 atm


V1 = 2.0 L


P2 = ?


V2 = 4.50 L




0.0811 atm

charles law

the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its temperature in kelvin at constant pressure

charles law


a gas sample is held at constant pressure. the gas occupies 3.62 L of volume when the temperature is 21.6 C. determine the temperature at which the volume of the gas is 3.42 l.

V1T2 = V2T1




V1 = 3.62 L


T2 = ?


V2 = 3.42 L


T1 = 21.6 C (+ 273) = 294.6 k




278 K



molar mass of aspirin (C9H804)

C = 12.01 (9) = 108.9


H = 1.008 (8) = 8.064


0 = 16 (4) = 64


Total = 180.514 g/mol

salt in water is a heterogeneous solution


a. true


b. false

B

acid + base = _______ + water

salt

ph rules


(indicates the acidity or basicity of a solution)

acidic: 3.0 - 6.0


neutral: 7.0


basic: 8.0 - 10

which is not an acid

HCl


HNO3


NaOH


HBr


HF

NaOH

is solute > , = , or < to the amount of solution

< (less than)

avagadros number

6.022 x 10^23

a sample of ammonia (NH3) has a mass of 43.5 g. how many molecules are in this sample?

N = 14.01 (1) = 14.01


H = 1.008 (3) = 3.024


Total = 17.034 mol




Mass x Moles


43.5 g x (1 g / 17.034 mol) = 0.058706117




^ x avagadros number


0.058706117 x (6.022 x 10^23)


1.54 x 10^24

how many atoms of hydrogen are present in 7.63 g of ammonia

N = 14.01 (1) = 14.01


H = 1.008 (3) = 3.024


Total = 17.034 mol




7.63 g / 17.034 mol = 0.4479276


0.4479276 x 3 (H) = 1.34378


1.34378 x (6.022 x 10^23)


8.09 x 10^23

a 7.11 g sample of potassium chlorate was decomposed according to the equation:


2KClO3 --> 2KCl + 3O2


how many moles of oxygen are formed?

sample x 1 / molar mass x mole ratio


sample = 7.11 g


molar mass = 1 mol / 122.55 g


mole ratio: 3 / 2


*mole ratio is obtained from the coefficients. put the unknown (asked) on top and the known (given) on the bottom*


Answer: 0.0870 mol

an unknown substance dissolves readily in water (a polar solvent) but not in benzene (a polar solvent). molecules of what type are present in the substance?

polar

a sample of 35.1 g of methane (CH4) gas has a volume of 3.11 L at a pressure of 2.70 atm. calculate the temperature.

PV = nRT Answer: 2.92 K




P = 2.70 atm


V = 3.11 L


n = 35.1


R = molar mass of CH4


T = ? *



what volume of H2O(g) measured at STP is produced by the combustion of 6.27 g of natural gas (CH4) according to the following equation:


CH4(g) + 2O2(g) ---> CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)




*1 mol of CH4 = 2 Mol H20


**1 mol of gas = 22.4

molar mass of CH4: 16 g/mol


moles of methane: 6.27 g x (1 mol/ 16g) = 0.391




*0.391 X 2 = 0.78375




**0.78375 x 22.4 = 17.5 L

what volume does 40.5 g of N2 occupy at STP

PV = nRT Answer: 32.4 L




P = 1 atm


V = ?


n = molar mass of N2


R = 0.0821 L


T = 273 K

at constant volume, temperature and pressure are _______

directly proportional

which gas has molecules with the greatest average molecular speed of 25 C?

H2

at STP, 1 mol of Kr gas has a volume of 22.4 L. in liters, what is the volume of 5 mol of Kr at STP?

1 mol of Kr = 22.4 L


5 mol of Kr x (22.4 L) = 112.0 L

how many grams of NaCl are contained in 350mL of a 0.287M solution of sodium chloride

multiply 0.250M x 0.350L


take the answer and multiply by the molar mass of NaCl (58.45)


Answer: 5.87 g

many of the unusual properties of water are the result of

hydrogen bonding

a surfactant causes water to spread out over a surface. this spreading occurs because the surfactant

interferes with hydrogen bonding

homogenized milk contains finely divided particles that do not settle out rapidly and are not readily filtered. thus, homogenized milk is a _________

colloid

for a given substance, which of the following will NOT influence how fast it dissolves?


temperature


amount of agitation


molar mass


size of the crystals

molar mass

the solubility of a gas in a solvent is affected by

both temperature and pressure

diluting a solution does NOT change which of the following:


concentration


volume


milliliters of solvent


moles of solute

milliliters of solvent

which of the following is an example of an ionic compound?


CO2


NH3


NaCl


N2

NaCl

a hydrocarbon with a single bond is an ?


alkane or alkene

alkane

a hydrocarbon with a double bond is an ?


alkane or alkene

alkene


example: H2C [double bond] CH [single] CH3

cycloalkane

only contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and carbon-carbon single bonds

alkyne

unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a triple bond, including acetylene

unsaturated compounds

organic compounds with double or triple bonds

aromaticcompound

a compound
that contains the ring structure of benzene
<--- example

a compoundthat contains the ring structure of benzene


<--- example

this compound is named ________

this compound is named ________

benzene

alpha or beta particle?

alpha or beta particle?

beta particle



alpha or beta particle?

alpha or beta particle?

alpha particle

a nuclear equation is balanced when

thesum of the mass numbers and the sum of the atomic numbers of the particles andatoms are the same on both sides of the equation

    alpha or beta decay? 

alpha or beta decay?

alpha decay

    alpha or beta decay? 

alpha or beta decay?

beta decay

carbon-11 is a radioactive isotope of carbon. Its half-life is 20minutes. What fraction of the initial number of C-11 atoms in a sample willhave decayed away after 80 minutes?

divide the time by the half life


80 / 20 = 4


take the inverse square of that number


1/2^4 = 1/16

when 59Cu undergoes positron emission, what is theimmediate nuclear product?

The mass number of the new nucleus is the same ,but the atomicnumber decreases by 1.




Answer: 58Ni