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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Halogenoalkane to Amine
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Excess NH3, ehtanol solvent and reflux
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Halogenoalkane to Alcohol
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NaOH and reflux
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Secondary Alcohol to Ketone
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Oxidised with pottassium dichromate and H2SO4 and relux
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Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde
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Oxidised with pottassium dichromate and H2SO4 and relux with distillation
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Primary Alcohol to Carboxylic Acid
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Oxidised with pottassium dichromate and H2SO4 and relux
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Ketone to Alcohol (Secondary)
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Reduced with NaBH4 and warmed (2[H])
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Aldehyde to Alcohol (Primary)
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Reduced with NaBH4 and warmed (2[H])
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Alcohol to Ester
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Carboxylic acid, Conc H2SO4 and reflux (equilibrium)
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Acid anhydride to Ester
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Alcohol, gentle heating (better yield)
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Carboxylic Acid to Ester
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Alcohol, Conc H2SO4 and reflux (equilibrium)
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Alkaline hydrolysis of ester
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NaOH and reflux to form Sodium Carboxylate and Alcohol
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Acid hyrolysis of ester
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Dilute H2SO4 and water to form Carboxylic Acid and Alcohol (equilibrium)
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Benzene to Halogenobenzene
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Pure halogen, Halogen carrier catalyst (HBr forms) (Br+ is electrophile)
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Benzene to Nitrobenzene
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Conc HNO3, Conc H2SO4 and 50 degrees (NO2+ is electrophile)
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Nitrobenzene to phenylamine
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Reduced with Tin and Conc HCl and refluxed (6[H])
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Phenylamine to diazonium ion
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NaNO2, HCl (aq) and less than 10 degrees
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Diazonium ion to azo dye
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Phenol or phenylamine and alkaline condition (NaOH) (NaCl and H2O as biproducts)
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Phenol to sodium phenoxide
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NaOH or Na
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Phenol to Halogenophenol
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Halogen e.g. Bromine water (forms 3HBr)
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Tollens reagent
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Ammoniacal silver nitrate (1 drop of NaOH in Silver nitrate until brown PPT forms then add ammonia until PPT redissolves, heat in water bath) (Oxidising agent)
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Problems with Kekule Structure
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Low chemical reactivity of Benzene, Benzene not lopsided, Benzene more stable
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Acid polypeptide hydrolysis
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Heat under reflux with aqueous HCl (+H2O + 2H+ forms positive amino acid)
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Alkaline polypeptide hydrolysis
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100 degrees NaOH (forms sodium carboxylate salts of amino acids and water)
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Acid polyester hydrolysis
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Hot aqueous HCl to produce monomers
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Alkaline polyester hydrolysis
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Hot aqueous NaOH to produce -OH and -COO-NA+
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Advantages of producing single chiral isomer
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Risks from undesirable side effects reduced, lower doses requires, decreased costs
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To prepare single chiral isomer
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Enzymes as biological catalysts, chiral pool synthesis or use of transition metal complexes
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How chromatography seperates
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Solid stationary phase by adsorption. Liquid stationary phase by relative solubility
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Reference and Solvent for NMR
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Reference is Tetramethysilane and Solvent is CDCl3
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