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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 categories of biochemicals |
lipids proteins nucleic acids carbohydrates |
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carbohydrates |
the most abundant compound in the plant world energy storehouse provide useful material for the synthesis of cell and tissue components supportive structure connective tissue hydrate of carbon |
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simple carbohydrates: |
monosaccarides disaccarides |
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monosaccarides |
cannot be broken down into a simpler compound 1 carbonyl group the rest of C's have hydroxyl group attached |
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disaccarides |
two monosaccharides bonded together |
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complex carbohydrates |
polysaccarides |
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polysaccarides |
contain 11 to thousands of monosaccharides bonded together |
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chiral compound |
a compound which is non superimposable on its mirror image |
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a pair of enantiomers are _____ |
chiral compunds
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a chiral compound is also known as a: |
stereocenter; tetrahedral carbon |
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Fischer projection |
a 2D way of looking at a 3D object |
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D |
OH points to the right |
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L |
OH points to the left |
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all physical and chemical properties of chiral enantiomers are identical except for what? |
optical activity and enzyme function |
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optical activity |
the rotation of the plane of polarized light by a substance |
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clockwise rotation of optical activity |
dextrorotatory |
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counterclockwise rotation |
levorotatory |
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racemic mixture |
a mixture of equal amounts of positively and negatively charged enantiomers |
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6 membered monosaccaride ring is called: |
pyranoses |
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a cyclic ring structure forms when: |
the aldehyde group of an aldohexose reacts with the -OH on carbon 5 to produce a cyclic hemiacetal alcohol oxygen becomes an ether double bonded oxygen becomes an alcohol |
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in formation of cyclic structure, goes from Fischer projection to... |
Haworth |
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anomeric carbon |
the new stereocenter produced when cyclic structure is formed |
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mutarotation |
the change in specific optical rotation that occurs when a carb is converted to an equilibrium mixture of two forms |
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what is glucose also known as? |
dextrose (d-glucose) blood sugar grape sugar |
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glucose |
aldehyde with 6 carbons aldohexose the most plentiful monosaccharide in blood |
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hypoglycemia |
below 70/100 |
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hyperglycemia |
110-100 or above |
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cyclic monosaccharide with 5 members? |
furanose |
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what is the sweetest of all common sugars? |
fructose ketohexose |
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galactose + glucose |
lactose milk sugar |
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glucose + fructose |
sucrose cane sugar table sugar |
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polysaccharides |
large numbers of monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds |
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what are the 3 important polysaccharide units made up of glucose called? |
starch, glycogen, cellulose |
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amylose starch |
plants linear energy storage 10-20% starch alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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amylopectin starch |
plants branched energy storage 80-90% starch alpha 1,4 glycosidic and 1,6 glycosidic bonds |
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glycogen |
animals branched energy storage alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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cellulose |
plants linear cell wall beta 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
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humans lack the enzyme to hydrolyze ____ linkages held together by glucose in _____. |
beta; cellulose passes through digestive tract undigested component of dietary fiber |
