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39 Cards in this Set

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extensive property
A property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and charge.
intensive property
A property that does not change when the amount of sample changes. Examples are density, pressure, temperature, color.
chemical property
Measurement of a chemical property involves a chemical change. For example, determining the flammability of gasoline involves burning it, producing carbon dioxide and water.
physical property
Measurement of a physical property may change the arrangement but not the structure of the molecules of a material. Examples of physical properties are density, color, boiling point, volume, temperature, and mass.
The specific volume of a substance is the the volume per gram of substance. Specific volume is an example of
a physical, intensive property
Matter in a form that has low density, is easily compressible and expandable, and expands spontaneously when placed in a larger container. Molecules in a gas move freely and are relatively far apart. "Vapor" often refers to a gas made of a substance that is usually encountered as a liquid or solid; for example, gaseous H2O is called "water vapor".
Gas
A state of matter that has a high density and is incompressible compared to a gas. Liquids take the shape of their container but do not expand to fill the container as gases do. Liquids diffuse much more slowly than gases.
Liquid
A solid is a relatively dense, rigid state of matter, with a definite volume and shape. Molecules in solids are often packed close together in regularly repeating patterns, and vibrate around fixed positions.
Solid
A sample of matter that cannot be separated into simpler components without chemical change. Physical changes can alter the state of matter but not the chemical identity of a pure substance. Pure substances have fixed, characteristic elemental compositions and properties
pure substance
A sample of matter consisting of more than one pure substance with properties that do not vary within the sample.
homogeneous mixture. solution
A sample of matter consisting of more than one pure substance and more than one phase. Blood, protoplasm, milk, chocolate, smoke, and chicken soup are examples of heterogeneous mixtures.
heterogeneous mixture
material formed from elements chemically combined in definite proportions by mass. For example, water is formed from chemically bound hydrogen and oxygen. Any pure water sample contains 2 g of hydrogen for every 16 g of oxygen.
Compound
a substance composed of atoms with identical atomic number
Element
Antoine Lavoisier, the "father of chemistry", listed lime as a chemical element in his table of 33 known elements. Which of the following observations shows that lime cannot be an element?
When a certain soft metal is burned in oxygen, lime is produced (with no other products).
Smoke is an example of a(n):
heterogeneous mixture
The meteorite ALH84001 contains tiny bubbles of gas trapped in the rock. The chemical composition of the gas in these bubbles matches the composition of the Martian atmosphere as determined by Viking spacecraft in the 1970's. The meteorite is an example of a(n)
heterogeneous mixture
Correct! The meteorite is a heterogenous mixture because it doesn't have uniform properties. The properties of the trapped gases are not the same as the properties of the rock.
Vanillin contains 63.15% C, 5.30% H, and 31.55% O whether it is extracted from vanilla beans, synthesized chemically from clove oils, or extracted from wood pulp wastes. Vanillin is most likely to be:
a compound of C, H, and O
Compounds have fixed compositions, no matter what the source (so long as they are pure!) If vanillin were a mixture the composition would vary from source to source
solid melts gradually between 85°C and 95°C to give a milky, oily liquid. When a laser beam shines through the liquid, the path of the beam is clearly visible. The milky liquid is likely to be:
a heterogenous mixture
Correct! The fact that the solid doesn't have a sharp melting point indicates that it is probably impure. A homogeneous mixture is unlikely because a beam of light passing through the sample is visible. That usually indicates that the sample contains small suspended particles. For example, headlight beams are visible in fog but not on clear, dry nights because the light is scattered by the tiny droplets of water in the fog.
chemical property
Measurement of a chemical property involves a chemical change. For example, determining the flammability of gasoline involves burning it, producing carbon dioxide and water.
physical property
Measurement of a physical property may change the arrangement but not the structure of the molecules of a material. Examples of physical properties are density, color, boiling point, volume, temperature, and mass.
intensive property
A property that does not change when the amount of sample changes. Examples are density, pressure, temperature, color.
Classifying properties as extensive or intensive. Extensive properties change when sample size changes; intensive properties don't
extensive property
A property that changes when the amount of matter in a sample changes. Examples are mass, volume, length, and charge.
Classifying properties as extensive or intensive. Extensive properties change when sample size changes; intensive properties don't
low density
easy to expand/compress
fills container
Gas
high density
hard to expand/compress
takes shape of container
Liquid
high density
hard to expand/compress
rigid shape
Solid
elements combined chemically in law of definite proportions
properties do not vary
compounds
not chemically decomposable into other elements
properties do not vary
elements
Two types of pure substances
elements, compounds
soft, extremely reactive metals
react with cold water to form hydrogen gas
form +1 ions
alkali metals (Group IA, first column )
soft, reactive metals
compounds are a major component of earth's crust
form +2 ions
alkaline earth metals (Group IIA, second column):
poisonous and extremely reactive nonmetals
fluorine and chlorine are yellow-green gases
bromine is a volatile red-brown liquid
iodine is a volatile blue black solid
all form -1 ions
halogens (Group VIIA, next-to-last column):
all are monatomic gases
a. k. a. inert gases; almost completely unreactive
noble gases (Group 0, last column
hard, dense metals
less reactive than Group IA and IIA
transition metals are the elements in the region from the third to twelfth columns
lanthanides (annex, top row)
actinides (annex, bottom row)
rare earth metals are the elements in the annex at the bottom of the table.
metallic properties
luster
malleability: can be hammered into thin sheets
ductility: can be drawn into wire
conduct heat and electricity well
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids (semimetals)
group numbers end with "A"
main group elements are all elements except the transition and rare earth metals.
one element can occur in several different forms
allotropes
components not uniformly mixed
more than one phase
heterogeneous mixtures
components uniformly mixed
one phase
also called solutions
homogeneous mixtures