Chemistry Chapter 3 Vocab

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States of matter

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(chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container); "the solid state of water is called ice"

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Solid

Back 2

Of definite shape and volume; not liquid or gaseous.

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Gas

Back 3

The state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by relatively low density and viscosity, relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature, the ability to diffuse readily, and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container.

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Liquid

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a liquid is one of the states of matter. The particles in a liquid are free to flow, so while a liquid has a definite volume, it does not have a definite shape.

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gas

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an airlike fluid substance which expands freely to fill any space available, irrespective of its quantity.

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vapor

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a substance diffused or suspended in the air, esp. one normally liquid or solid.

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physical property

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any property used to characterize matter and energy and their interactions

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chemical property

Back 8

a property used to characterize materials in reactions that change their identity

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extensive property

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Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present.

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intensive property

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Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter present.

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phase change

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a change from one state (solid or liquid or gas) to another without a change in chemical composition

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chemical change

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any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved

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pure substance

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in chemistry, a chemical substance is a form of matter that has constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. It cannot be separated into components by physical separation methods, i.e. without breaking chemical bonds. It can be solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.

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Law of conservation of mass

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conservation of mass: a fundamental principle of classical physics that matter cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system

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Physical change

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A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another.

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Mixture

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a substance made by mixing other substances together.

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Heterogeneous mixture

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is a mixture where the components of the mixture are not uniform or have localized regions with different properties.

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homogeneous mixture

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is a mixture where the components that make up the mixture are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.

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solution

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a liquid mixture in which the minor component (the solute) is uniformly distributed within the major component (the solvent).

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filtration

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The act or process of filtering, especially the process of passing a liquid or gas, such as air, through a filter in order to remove solid particles.

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distillation

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the action of purifying a liquid by a process of heating and cooling.

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sublimation

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a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

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chromatography

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the separation of a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension or as a vapor (as in gas chromatography) through a medium in which the components move at different rates.

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precipitation

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he action or process of precipitating a substance from a solution.

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decant

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gradually pour (liquid, typically wine or a solution) from one container into another, esp. without disturbing the sediment.

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element

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each of more than one hundred substances that cannot be chemically interconverted or broken down into simpler substances and are primary constituents of matter. Each element is distinguished by its atomic number, i.e., the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms.

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compound

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a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; a mixture.

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law of definite proportions

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law of constant proportion: (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight

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law of multiple proportions

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law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation

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percent by mass

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Mass percentage is one way of representing the concentration of an element in a compound or a component in a mixture. Mass percentage is calculated as the mass of a component divided by the total mass of the mixture, multiplied by 100%.