Chemistry, Chapter 2

Front 1

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

Back 1

Matter

Front 2

Retains both its size and shape.

Back 2

Solid

Front 3

Retains its size but takes on the shape of its container.

Back 3

Liquid

Front 4

Takes up the complete size and shape of its container.

Back 4

Gas

Front 5

Have a fixed composition such as elements and compounds.

Back 5

Pure Substance

Front 6

A substance that is characterized by chemical combination of two or more elements in a fixed ratio by mass and can be broken down chemically into elements.

Simplest Form: Molecule

Back 6

Compound

Front 7

Have varying compositions such as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures.

Back 7

Mixtures

Front 8

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means.

Back 8

Element

Front 9

Mixture has uniform composition throughout.

Back 9

Homogeneous

Examples: Milk; toothpaste; mayonnaise

Front 10

Mixture has varying composition throughout.

*Most mixtures are this type*

Back 10

Heterogeneous

Examples: Sand and pebbles; oil and water; powered iron and powered sulfur; granite

Front 11

Properties independent of the sample size.

Back 11

Intrinsic (Intensive) Properties

Front 12

Properties dependent of sample size.

Back 12

Extrinsic (Extensive) Properties

Extrinsic properties of chemicals would include size, shape, weight, mass, and volume.

Front 13

Changes only alter the extrinsic properties, such as cutting or breaking an item, changes in state of matter, or dissolving something.

Back 13

Physical Changes

Front 14

Changes not only the extrinsic properties but more importantly alter the intrinsic properties when converting a species into an entirely different species, such as burning oxygen and hydrogen to make water or burning gasoline to make carbon dioxide and water.

Back 14

Chemical Changes

Front 15

Measuring the property involves the species retaining its original intrinsic properties, such as taking a melting or boiling point.

Back 15

Physical Properties

Front 16

Measuring the property involves the species changing its original intrinsic properties, such as burning sulfur in pure oxygen versus burning it in air and studying the differences.

Back 16

Chemical Properties

Front 17

Found outside the atom's nucleus; mass equals 9.09 x 10^-28 of a gram and has a negative charge; discovered in 1897.

Back 17

Electron

Front 18

Found in the atom's nucleus; mass equals 1.672 x 10^-24 of a gram and has a positive charge; discovered in 1919.

Back 18

Proton

Front 19

Found in the atom's nucleus; mass equals 1.675 x 10^-24 of a gram and has no charge; discovered in 1932.

Back 19

Neutron

Front 20

Is a highly dense inner core of an atom; contains all the positive charge and most of the mass of the atom; it is approximately 1/10,000 the diameter of the atom.

Back 20

Nucleus

Front 21

The simplest representative part of an element and contains an equal number of protons and electrons which makes it neutral.

Back 21

Atom

Front 22

The simplest representative part of a compound and contains an equal number of protons and electrons which makes it neutral.

Back 22

Molecule

Front 23

Is produced when an atom loses negatively charged electron(s) and develops a positive charge.

Back 23

Cation

Front 24

Is produced when an atom gains negatively charged electron(s) and develops a negative charge.

Back 24

Anion

Front 25

A group of elements acting as a single unit but overall containing either a positive or negative charge. The vast majority of these contain negative charges; only ammonium NH4 (+1) ion and hydronium H3O (+1) ion contain positive charges.

Back 25

Polyatomic Ion

Front 26

What are these examples of?

Na, Fe, K

Back 26

Monatomic

Front 27

What are these examples of?

H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2

Back 27

Diatomic

Front 28

What are these examples of?

O3

Back 28

Triatomic

Front 29

What are these examples of?

P4 and S8

Back 29

Polyatomic

Front 30

Good conductors of heat and electricity, have shiny luster, are ductile (heated up and drawn into a fine wire), malleable (heated up and pounded into a thin sheet), and lose electrons to become positive ions (cations). They are below the staircase on the Periodic Table (except hydrogen).

Back 30

Metals

The vast majority of elements are metals.

Front 31

Poor or nonconductors of heat and electricity, have dull appearances, are not ductile, are not malleable, and tend to gain electrons to become negative ions (anions). They are to the right and above the staircase on the periodic Table (including hydrogen).

Back 31

Nonmetals

Front 32

Have both metallic and nonmetallic characteristics.

Back 32

Metalloids

Front 33

NAME THIS THEORY

1) Elements are composed of extremely small particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical with the same size, mass, and chemical properties.

2) Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element. In any compound, the ratio of the numbers of atoms of any two of the elements present is a small whole number ratio.

3) A chemical reaction involves only the separation, combination, or rearrangement of atoms; it does not result in their creation or destruction.

Back 33

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Front 34

NAME THIS LAW

Matter (or atoms) can neither be created nor destroyed in an ordinary chemical reaction. Important in balancing chemical equations.

Back 34

Law of Conservation