Chemistry Chapter 1

Front 1

What is chemistry?

Back 1

The science that investigates the molecular reasons for the processes occurring in our macroscopic world.

Front 2

How do scientists learn about the world?

Back 2

By using the scientific method.

Front 3

How did science and chemistry develop?

Back 3

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Front 4

What is matter and how do we classify it?

Back 4

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Atoms and molecules are all composed of matter. Matter is classified by either its composition or it state.

Front 5

What is matter composed of?

Back 5

Atoms

Front 6

What is the structure of an atom?

Back 6

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Front 7

What is the scientific method?

Back 7

The process by which a set of observations leads to a model of reality.

Front 8

Draw an example of the scientific method.

Back 8

Front 9

Draw an example of the scientific method.

Back 9

Front 10

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Back 10

The observation or measurement of some aspect of nature.

Front 11

What are the five parts of the scientific model?

Back 11

Observation

Scientific Law

Hypothesis

Experiment

Theory

Front 12

What is a scientific law?

Back 12

It is a broadly applicable generalization formulated by a series of related observations or measurements

Front 13

What is an example of a scientific law?

Back 13

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Front 14

What is a Hypothesis?

Back 14

An initial attempt to explain the underlying causes of observations and laws. (a tentative model)

Front 15

How is a hypothesis proven or tested?

Back 15

By experiments.

Front 16

A chemist observes the behavior of a gas by filling a balloon and measuring its volume at different temperatures. After making many measurements, he concludes that the volume of a gas always increases with increasing temperature. Is this an example of a law or a theory?

Back 16

It is an example of a law. It summarizes a large number of observations, but-unlike a hypothesis or theory-it does not give the underlying cause.

Front 17

What is an experiment?

Back 17

A controlled observation specifically designed to test a hypothesis.

Front 18

What is a theory?

Back 18

An overarching model of reality developed from one or more confirmed hypotheses.

Front 19

Is a theory subject to experiments?

Back 19

Yes

Front 20

A theory is valid if....

Back 20

... it is consistent with, or predicts the outcome of experiments.

Front 21

Is a theory ever proven?

Back 21

No, it is only validated by experimentation.

Front 22

What makes a theory a good theory?

Back 22

A good theory often predicts behavior far beyond the observations and laws from which it was formulated.

Front 23

What is a chemical reaction?

Back 23

A change in matter in which a substance changes its composition.

Front 24

Who are the first people on record to have thought deeply about the nature of matter?

And as early as when might they have started?

Back 24

Greek philosophers

600BC

Front 25

T/F Plato thought reason alone was the superior way to unravel the mysteries of nature.

Back 25

True

Front 26

What did Democritus famously theorize?

Back 26

That matter was ultimately composed of small, indivisible particles he called atomos or atoms.

Front 27

What did Thales believe?

Back 27

That all substances could be broken down into one basic material, water.

Front 28

What did Empedocles believe?

Back 28

All matter was composed of four basic elements: air, water, fire, and earth.

Front 29

Who's belief did Aristotle adapt and slightly modify? How did he modify the belief?

Back 29

Empedocles' belief about four basic elements.

Aristotle added a basic element, the heavenly ether.

Front 30

How long did Aristotle's (or Empedocles) idea reign for?

Back 30

2000 years

Front 31

Whats the name of the predecessor of chemistry?

Back 31

Alchemy

Front 32

What were the two things Alchemy was about?

Back 32

Turning ordinary materials into gold, and discovering the elixir of life.

Front 33

T/F Alchemy failed to produce any alloys.

Back 33

False

Front 34

T/F The publication of four books in 1682 marks the beginning of what is now called the scientific revolution.

Back 34

False. There were only two books and they were written in 1543, by Copernicus and Andreas Vesalius.

Front 35

What was Nicholas Copernicus' book about?

Back 35

That our universe is heliocentric.

Front 36

What was Andreas Vesalius' book about?

Back 36

Human anatomy with great accuracy.

Front 37

In 1661, Robert Boyle published "The Skeptical Chymist." Whose ideas about a four-element explanation of matter did he criticize?

Back 37

Greeks

Aristotle or Empedocles

Front 38

What was Alchemy transformed into?

Back 38

Chemistry

Front 39

In what two ways can matter be classified?

Back 39

By its composition or its state?

Front 40

T/F All matter is first classifiable as either a pure substance or a mixture.

Back 40

True

Front 41

A pure substance may either be __________ or _________.

Back 41

An element or a compound

Front 42

A mixture may either be __________ or _________.

Back 42

Homogeneous or Heterogeneous

Front 43

What is an element?

Back 43

A substance that cannot be decomposed into smaller substances.

Ex. Carbon. You can't decompose graphite into simpler substances.

Front 44

Name a few elements.

Back 44

Oxygen, helium, copper.

Front 45

What is the smallest identifiable unit of an element?

Back 45

An atom

Front 46

What is a compound?

Back 46

A substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions.

Front 47

Which is more commonly found in nature: an element or a compound?

Back 47

Compounds because most elements tend to combine with other elements to form compounds.

Front 48

Atoms are to elements, as ________ are to Compounds.

Back 48

Molecules

Front 49

What is a molecule?

Back 49

The smallest identifiable unit of a covalent compound. (two or more atoms bonded together)

Front 50

What is the smallest identifiable unit of many compounds?

Back 50

A molecule

Front 51

Using this graphic, organize how matter is classified by composition.

Back 51

Front 52

Name a few examples of compounds.

Back 52

Water, table salt, and sugar.

Front 53

What is a mixture?

Back 53

A combination of two or more pure substances in variable proportions.

The substances in a mixture may themselves be either elements or compounds.

Front 54

T/F Most of the matter we encounter is in the form of mixtures.

Back 54

True

Front 55

How can mixtures be classified?

Back 55

According to how uniformly the substances that compose them mix.

Front 56

How many kinds of mixtures are there?

Back 56

Two

Front 57

What are the types of mixtures?

Back 57

Heterogeneous and Homogeneous

Front 58

How would you define a heterogeneous mixture?

Back 58

It's separated into two or more regions with different compositions.

Ex. Oil and water

Front 59

How would you define a homogeneous mixture?

Back 59

It has the same composition throughout.

Ex. Salt water

Front 60

Determine whether each of the following is an element, a compound, or a mixture. If its a mixture, classify which kind of mixture.

a. copper wire

b. water

c. salt water

d. italian salad dressing

Back 60

a. element

b. compound

c. homogeneous mixture

d. heterogeneous mixture

Front 61

Determine whether each of the following is a pure element, a compound, a heterogeneous mixture or a homogeneous mixture.

a. pure salt

b. helium gas

c. chicken noodle soup

d. coffee

Back 61

a. compound

b. element

c. heterogeneous mixture

d. homogeneous mixture

Front 62

What are the three states of matter?

Back 62

Solid, Liquid, or Gas.

Front 63

Using this graphic, organize how matter is classified by state.

Back 63

Front 64

List the three characteristics of a solid.

(Compressibility, volume, shape)

Back 64

Incompressible, fixed volume, and fixed shape.

Front 65

List the three characteristics of a liquid.

(Compressibility, volume, shape)

Back 65

Incompressible, fixed volume, and variable shape.

Front 66

List the three characteristics of a gas.

(Compressibility, volume, shape)

Back 66

Compressible, variable volume, and variable shape.

Front 67

List examples of solids.

Back 67

Ice, copper, metal and diamond.

Front 68

List examples of liquids.

Back 68

Water, rubbing alcohol and vegetable oil.

Front 69

List examples of gases.

Back 69

Steam, helium and air.

Front 70

A cup of coffee is an example of:

a. a liquid pure substance

b. a gaseous mixture

c. a solid pure substance

d. a liquid mixture

e. a solid mixture

Back 70

d. a liquid mixture

Front 71

What is a property?

Back 71

The characteristics that distinguish a substance and make it unique.

Front 72

What are the two properties of matter?

Back 72

Physical properties and chemical properties.

Front 73

What are physical properties?

Back 73

Properties that a substance displays without changing its composition.

Front 74

What is an example of a physical property?

Back 74

The smell of alcohol is a physical property.

Front 75

What are chemical properties?

Back 75

Properties that a substance displays only when changing its composition.

Front 76

What is an example of a chemical property?

Back 76

The flammability of alcohol. When alcohol burns, it combines with oxygen in the air to form other substances.

Front 77

What are the two different kinds of changes that occur in matter?

Back 77

Physical change and chemical change.

Front 78

When matter undergoes a physical change, it changes its __________, but not its ___________.

Back 78

Appearance, composition.

Front 79

When matter undergoes a chemical change, it changes its__________.

Back 79

Composition

Front 80

What is an example of a physical change?

Back 80

The vaporization of alcohol. Liquid to gas.

Front 81

What is an example of a chemical change?

Back 81

When alcohol burns.

Front 82

T/F A physical change results in a different form of the same substance; a chemical change results in a completely new substance.

Back 82

True

Front 83

What is the definition of mass?

Back 83

A measure of the quantity of matter within it.

Front 84

Water is put on the stove and heated with a natural gas burner. After some time, the water begins to bubble, and steam is given off. Is this a physical or chemical change?

Back 84

Physical

Front 85

T/F Physical Changes often emit or absorb heat or light or result in a color change of the substance.

Back 85

False. Chemical changes often emit or absorb heat or light or result in a color change of the substance.

Front 86

What is the law of conservation of mass?

Back 86

The law that states that matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Front 87

Who came up with the law of conservation of mass?

Back 87

Antoine Lavoisier

Front 88

A match is weighed and then burned. The ashes are found to weigh much less. How can this be consistent with the law of conservation of mass?

Back 88

Much of the match's mass was converted to a gas and lost into the air. If the gain in mass of the surroundings was somehow measured, it would exactly equal the missing mass.

Front 89

Who is known as the father of modern chemistry?

Back 89

Antoine Lavoisier

Front 90

What is the law of constant composition?

Back 90

All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their constituent elements.

The composition of each compound is constant.

Front 91

Who came up with the law of constant composition?

Back 91

Joseph Proust

Front 92

T/F According to the law of constant composition, the ratio obtained from the decomposition of water would be the same regardless of the size of the water sample or where the water sample was obtained.

Back 92

True

Front 93

Who was John Dalton?

Back 93

The creator of the atomic theory.

Front 94

There are three parts to the atomic theory, state the first part.

Back 94

All matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms that cannot be created or destroyed.

Front 95

There are three parts to the atomic theory, state the second part.

Back 95

All atoms of a given element are alike in mass and other properties. These properties are unique to each element, and they differ from one element to another.

Front 96

There are three parts to the atomic theory, state the third part.

Back 96

Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds in simple whole number ratios. For example, the compound water is formed from 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atom. The numbers, 2 and 1, are simple whole numbers.

Front 97

Explain Ernest Rutherford's Gold foil experiment.

Back 97

aaa

Front 98

What theory did Ernest Rutherford come up with?

Back 98

The nuclear theory.

Front 99

There are three parts to the nuclear theory, state the first part.

Back 99

Most of the mass and all of the positive charge of the atom are contained in a small space called the nucleus.

Front 100

There are three parts to the nuclear theory, state the second part.

Back 100

Most of the volume of the atom is empty space occupied by tiny negatively charged electrons.

Front 101

There are three parts to the nuclear theory, state the third part.

Back 101

There are as many negatively charged electrons outside the nucleus as units of positive charge inside the nucleus, so that the atom is electrically neutral.

Front 102

What are protons?

Back 102

The positively charged part of the nucleus of an atom. Shares nucleus with neutrons.

Front 103

What are neutrons?

Back 103

Non-charged part of the nucleus of an atom.

Shares nucleus with protons.

Front 104

What are electrons?

Back 104

The negatively charged part of an atom. Orbit the nucleus.

Front 105

In order for an atom to be charge neutral, it must have what?

Back 105

An equal number of protons and electrons.

Front 106

How long has the atomic theory been accepted?

Back 106

About 200 years. (Early 1800's)