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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
law of conservation of mass
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Lavoisier
mass is neither created nor destroyed |
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law of definite proportion
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Proust
a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass. |
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law of multiple proportions
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Dalton
when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers. |
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
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1--Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms
2-- The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways. 3-- chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms. 4-- chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms--changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction |
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Thompson
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used CTRs to determine the existence of negatively charged electrons. Plum pudding model.
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Millikan
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experiments with charged oil drops to determine mass of the electron. 9.11 x 10^-31
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Rutherford
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experiment with α particles and gold foil. some α particles reflect at odd angles when most pass through foil. Atom most contain a positively-charged nucleus with electrons surrounding.
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characteristics of metals
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--good conductors of heat and electricity
--malleable --ductile --often lustrous --tend to lose electrons to form cations |
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characteristics of nonmetals
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--tend to gain electrons to form anions
--often bond to each other forming covalent bonds --not malleable or ductile, not good conductors |
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naming binary ionic compounds for elements forming only one cation
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1-- cation is always named first and anion second
2-- the cation takes its name from the element 3-- the anion takes the element name plus -ide |
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naming binary ionic compounds for elements forming more than one cation
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must specify the cation being used either with Roman numeral or suffixes (use -ic for ion with the higher charge and -ous for the one with the lower charge)
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naming binary covalent compounds
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1-- first element is named first using prefix to denote the numbers of atoms present
2-- second element is named first as if it were an anion, using prefix to denote numbers of atoms present. |