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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Saturated Solution
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A solution containing the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent ata constant temperature and pressure; an equilibrium exists between undissolved solute and ions in solution.
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Solubility
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The amount of a substance that dissolves in a given quanity of solvent at specified conditions of temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution.
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Unsaturated Solution
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A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.
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Miscible
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Describes liquids that dissolve in one another in all proportions.
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Immiscible
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Describes liquids that are insoluble in one another; oil and water are immiscible.
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Supersaturated Solution
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A solution containing the maximum amount of solute for a given amount of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure; an equilibrium exists between undissolved solute and ions in solution.
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Henry's Law
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At a given temperature the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid.
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What factors determine the rate at which a substance dissolves?
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The compositions of the solvent and the solute determine whether a substance will dissolve. Stirring (agitation), temperature, and the surface area of the dissolving particles determine how fast the substance will dissolve.
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How is solubility usually expressed?
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Solubility is often expressed in grams of solute per 100 g of solvent.
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What conditions determine the amount of solute that will dissolve in a given solvent?
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Temperature affects the solubility of solid, liquid, and gaseous solutes in a solvent; both temperature and pressure affect the solubility of gaseous solutes.
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Concentration
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A soultion is a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent.
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Dilute Solution
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One that contains a small amount of solute.
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Concentrated Solution
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Contains a large amount of solute.
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Molarity (M)
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The number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution.
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How do you calculate the molarity of a solution?
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To calculate the molarity of a solution, divide the moles of solute by the volume of the solution.
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What effect does dilution have on the total moles of solute in solution?
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Diluting a solution reduces the number of moles of solute per unit volume, but the total number of moles of solute in solution does not change.
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What are two ways to express the percent composition of a solution?
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The concentration of a solution in percent canbe expressed in two ways: as the ratio of the colume of the solute to the volume of the solution or as the ratio of the mass of the solute to the mass of the solution.
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Colligative Property
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A property of a solution that depends only upon the number of solute particles, and not upon their identites; boiling-point elevation, freezing-point depression, and vapor-pressure lowering are colligative properties.
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Freezing-point depression
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The difference in temperature between the freezing point of a solution and the freezing point of the pure solvent.
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Boiling-point elevation
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The difference in temperature between boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of the pure solvent.
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What are three colligative properties of solutions?
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Three important colligative properties of solutions are vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-point elevation, and freezing-point depression.
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What factor determines the amount by which a solution's vapor pressure, freezing point, and boiling-point elevation differ from those properties of the solvent?
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The decrease in a solution's vapor pressure is proportional to the number of particles the solute makes in soultion. The magnitude of the freezing-point depression is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent and does not depend upon their identity.The magnitude of boiling-point elevation is proportional to the number of solute particles dissolved in the solvent.
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Molality (m)
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The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram (1000 g) of solvent.
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Mole Fraction
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The ratio of the moles of solute in solution to the total number of moles of both solvent and solute.
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Molal freezing-point depression constant (Kf)
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The change in freezing point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute.
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Molal boiling-point elevation constant (Kb)
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The change in boiling point for a 1-molal solution of a nonvolatile molecular solute.
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What are two ways of expressing the concentration of a solution?
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The unit molality and mole fractions are two additional ways in which chemists express the concentration of a solution.
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How are freezing-point depression and boiling-point elevation related to molality?
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The magnitudes of the freezing-point depression (^Tf) and the boiling-point elevation (^Tb) of a solution are directly proportional to the centration (m), when the solute is molecular, not ionic.
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