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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The three major types of substances from which we obtain energy are... |
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. |
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The Process of synthesizing the molecules to make cell structures within a living cell is called... |
anabolism |
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The overall set of chemical reactions that keep cells alive is called... |
metabolism |
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A monosaccharide with a ketone group is called... |
c. ketose |
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An aldose is a monosacccharide.... |
with an aldehyde group. |
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When most monosaccharides dissolve in water, they form.... |
c. ring structures. |
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The two monosaccharide units that make up a lactose molecule are... |
d. glucose and galactose |
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Which of these polysaccharide molecules consists of branched chains of glucose units? |
d. amylopectin and glycogen |
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Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscle tissue as... |
d. glycogen |
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Fats are defined by their.... |
d. degree of unsaturation |
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Which are saturated fatty acids? |
a. S: CH3(CH2)10COOH and T: CH3(CH2)16COOH or Lauric Acid from palm kernel oil and stearic acid from beef tallow |
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Which is a monounsaturated fatty acid? |
c. U: CH3(CH2)7CH==CH(CH2)7COOH or oleic acid from Olive oil |
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Which is a polyunsaturated fatty acid? |
d. V: CH3CH2(CH==CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH or Linolenic Acid from Fish oils |
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Saturated fats often have a high proportion of... |
a. S: CH3(CH2)10COOH and T: CH3(CH2)16COOH or Lauric Acid from palm kernel oil and stearic acid from beef tallow |
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Polyunsaturated fats (oils) often have a high proportion of... |
d. V: CH3CH2(CH==CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH or Linolenic Acid from Fish oils |
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The iodine number of a fat or oil expresses its... |
degree of unsaturation |
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In general, animal fats differ from vegetable oils in that the oil molecules.... |
d. have more C==C bonds |
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Peptides are polymers of... |
a. amino acids |
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The 20 common amino acids that make up proteins differ mainly in their... |
d. side chains |
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Which of the following is not an alpha amino acid? |
d. H2NCH2CH22CH2COOH |
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Which of the following is a zwitterion? |
+H3NCH2COO- |
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In a dipeptide, two amino acids are joined through an.... |
a. amide linkage |
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The N-terminal amino acid and the C-terminal amino acid of the peptide Met-Ile-Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gln-Trp-Ile are, respectively, |
c. Met and Ile |
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How many different tripeptides can be formed from alanine, valin, and lysine, when each appears on once in each product? |
c. 6 |
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The tripeptides represented as Ala-Val-Lys and Lys-Val-Ala are.... |
d. two different peptides |
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Hydrogen bonds from between the N---H group of one amino acid and the C===O group of another, giving a protein molecule the form of an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet. What level of protein structure do those forms represent? |
c. secondary |
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Which level of protein structure is maintained in part by dispersion forces? |
d. tertiary structure |
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The arrangement of several protein subunits into a specific pattern, as in hemoglobin, is an example of.... |
b. Quaternary structure |
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Which level of protein structure is maintained in part by dispersion forces? |
b. Disulfide linkages |
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An acidic side chain of an amino-acid unit on a protein chain reacts with the basic side chain of an amino-acid unit on another chain or at some distance away on the same chain to form a... |
d. salt bridge |
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When nonpolar side chains of amino-acid units in a protein chain interact with other nonpolar side chains of amino-acid units on another chain or at some distance away on the same chain, the interactions are... |
a. dispersion forces |
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The molecule on which an enzyme acts is called the enyme's |
d. substrate |
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According to the induced-fit model of enzyme action, the... |
d. shape of the active site can change somewhat to fit a substrate |
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An inorganic metal ion working with an enzyme molecule is call a..... |
a. cofactor |
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An Enzyme is a catalyst, or substance that... |
d. increases reaction rate |
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The pure protein part on an enzyme is called an.... |
a. apoenzyme |
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The monomer units of nucleic acids are... |
d. nucleotides |
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An RNA nucleotide could not contain... |
a. A, Pi, and ribose |
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A possible base pair in DNA is.. |
b. A-T |
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A possible base pair in RNA is... |
c. A-U |
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Nucleic acid base pairs are joined by... |
d. hydrogen bonds |
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Replication of a DNA molecule involves breaking bonds between the... |
a. base pairs |
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The second step of DNA replication involves... |
a. Bonding of free nuleotides in the correct sequence |
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The conversion of mRNA to a sequence of amino acids in a protein is called... |
d. translation |
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The anticodon base triplet is found on the |
d. tRNA |
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How many amino acids and how many codons are involved in the genetic code? |
b. 20 amino acids and 64 codons |
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Each amino acid except tryptophan and methionine is coded for by more than one codon, indicating that the genetic code has... |
b. redundancy |
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Refer to table 16.5; the codon UGA... |
c. signals "stop" only |
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Recombiant DNA cloning involves... |
a. combining DNA from two different organisms to make a single new organism. |
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In producing recombinant DNA, the DNA from the two sources is cut with... |
c. restriction enzymes |
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Gene therapy is a process where scientists... |
b. insert a functioning gene in place of a defective one |
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Some geneticists suggest transferring some genes that direct photosynthesis from an efficient crop plant to a less efficient one, thus producing a more productive plant variety. This project wold most likely involve... |
b. genetic engineering |
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About ______ people in the world are hungry today. |
b. 1 in 7 |
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The monomer units that make up cellulose and starch, respectively are... |
c. ß- glucose and a-glucose |
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examples of monosccharides are... |
c. glucose and fructose |
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People who have lactose intolerance are deficient in the.... |
a. enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose to galactose and glucose |
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Ordinary corn syrup... |
b. consists mainly of glucose |
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Small quantities of carbohydrates are stored in liver and muscle tissue as |
d. glycogen |
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Humans cannot digest cellulose because they lack enzymes for the hydrolysis of.... |
c. ß-glucose linkages |
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Fats are... |
b. esters of glycerol and fatty acids |
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Among lipoproteins, LDLs are... |
a. bad because they can block arteries |
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Which is a monosaturated fatty acid? |
b. CH3(CH2)CH==CH(CH2)7COOH or Oleic acid from olive oil |
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Which is an omega 3 fatty acid? |
d. CH3(CH2CH==CH)3(CH2)7COOH |
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Which is a saturated fatty acid? |
a. CH3(CH2)16COOH or stearic acid from beef tallow |
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The general shape of trans fatty acid molecules is similar to... |
d. saturated fatty acids |
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According to most health professionals, what percentage of total calories should the daily intake of fat and of saturated fat, respectively, not exceed? |
c. 30, 10 |
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Gram for gram, protein foods provide the same number of kilocalories as... |
d. carbohydrates |
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Proteins are copolymers of |
a. amino acids |
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An essential amino acid is one that.... |
d. must be included in the diet |
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Which of the following foods do NOT furnish complete protein? |
c. peanuts |
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The daily protein requirement for a 65kg female is.... |
b. 52g |
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One can get complete protein by eating whole wheat bread with |
c. peanut butter |
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Strict vegetarian diets are often deficient in... |
c. vitamin B12 and iron |
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About what percentage of our body weight is minerals? |
b. 4% |
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Vitamins are... |
c. specific organic compounds required in the diet to prevent diseases |
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A deficiency of iodine may be remedied by... |
a. including a greater percentage of seafood in the diet |
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Iron in red blood cells is part of the... |
b. Hemoglobin |
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Iron is swiftly depleted from the body by |
d. blood loss |
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Most of the calcium and phosphorus in the body is in the... |
b. bones and teeth |
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People with high blood pressure are usually told to restrict intake of... |
c. Na+ |
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the fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E, and... |
d. vitamin K |
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Eating foods high in fiber... |
c. helps fill you up |
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During a fasting or starvation, glycogen stores are depleted in about... |
b. one day |
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After glycogen stores are depleted, the body draws on its reserves of |
b. Fat |
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When fat reserves have been used up, the body uses for its energy source |
d. structural proteins |
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The average family in the United States spends what portion of its food budget on fresh fruits and vegetables, meats, and dairy products? |
a. 10% |
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Compounds that taste sweet to most people include all the following except |
d. MSG |
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Artificial vanilla... |
a. contains exactly the same vanillin molecule as in natural vanilla |
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Organic molecules called esters are... |
c. Unique molecules found in highly aromatic and unique plant seeds or bark |
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Artificial sweeteners include all of the following except... |
b. Stevia |
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MSG |
b. is the sodium salt of an amino acid. |
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To use a new food additive, a company must.... |
provide the FDA with evidence that the additive is safe for the intended use... |
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The food additive that inhibits reproduction of botulism-causing bacteria in processed meats, such as bologna, ham and bacon |
d. sodium nitrite |
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Calcium propionate is added to bread to |
c. inhibit mold growth |
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Antioxidants |
d. trap free radicals |
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Which of the following is an antioxidant used to prevent rancidity |
b. BHT |
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The number of colors that have been accepted as safe to use in foods is |
b. 7 |
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Vitamin C, vitamin E, BHA, BHT and propyl gallate are, |
b. antioxidants |
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Aflatoxins are |
b. carcinogens |
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About how many people die from food poisoning in the united states each year? |
c. 3,000 |
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The major problem with the food supply is contamination by.. |
c. microorganisms |
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The two major requirements for good health and fitness are |
c. good nutrition and exercise |
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Which of the following has been shown to extend the life span of mice? |
c. undereating |
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Which of the following is not a source of "good" fats? |
d. lard |
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What is the max amount of fat that a diet providing 2200 kcal per day should include? |
b. 86g |
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What is the max amount of saturated fat that a diet providing 2000kcal per day should include? |
b. 22g |
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Statins are a class of drugs that are designed to |
b. reduce cholesterol buildup |
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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are nutrient based reference values that are... |
c. useful for planning and assessing diets |
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About how much protein does a 66kg athlete require per day? |
c. 53g |
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Which of the following cannot be synthesized by the body and therefore must be included in the diet? |
d. vitamins |
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Which of the following is a precursor of vitamin A? |
ß-carotene |
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For which of the following are large doses most likely to be harmful? |
c. Vitamin A |
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Which of the following vitamins provides the most benefit to bone health and development? |
a. Vitamin D |
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Vitamin E is a... |
b. fat-soluble antioxidant |
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The major electrolytes in body fluids are.... |
c. Na+, K+, and Cl- |
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The best replacement for water lost except in prolonged exercise is... |
c. plain water |
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What is the minimal percentage of body weight lost in fluids can cause heat exhaustion? |
c. 5% |
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How many kilocalories of energy are stored in 1 lb of adipose tissue? |
c 3500 kcal |
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To lose 1lb per week, how many more kilocalories must you burn each day than you take in? |
c. 500 |
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Which of the following hormones acts as an appetite suppressant? |
d. PYY |
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Blood glucose levels are lowered by the hormone... |
c. insulin |
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Which of the following seems to prevent weight loss in humans during times when the body cannot get food? |
c. leptin |
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About how much glycogen can the adult body store? |
b. 1lb |
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Crash diets.... |
b. depend on glycogen depletion for quick weight loss |
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BMI is calculated as... |
d. weight (Kg) / [height (m)]^2 |
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A person with a BMI of 22 is... |
c. quite fit |
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The maximum amount of oxygen used in a minute of exercise is the |
d. Vo2 max |
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Which of the following is a molecule used by the cells to energize the ATP molecule? |
d. glucose |
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When muscle contraction begins, glycogen is converted to.. |
d pyruvic acid |
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During aerobic exercise, pyruvic acid is converted to... |
a. CO2 and H2O |
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During anaerobic exercise, pyruvic acid is convertedd to... |
c. lactic acid |
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When produced during exercise, which of the following results in oxygen debt? |
c. lactic acid |
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Slow-twitch muscle fiber is classified as... |
a. type I |
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The reddish color of slow-twitch muscle fibers is due to the presence of... |
c. myoglobin |
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Which of the following, as used by athletes, is used to reduce swelling in joints? |
c. cortisone |
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Caffeine is thought to aid endurance athletes by... |
d. stimulating the release of fatty acids. |
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Anabolic steroids... |
c. help build larger muscles |
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Endorphins are... |
a. chemicals produced by the body that are similar to morphine |
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Exercise is thought to help the brain work better by... |
c. increasing levels of neurotrophins |
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The chemical in cigarette smoke that makes breathing less efficient is... |
a. CO |
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What is the addictive substance inhaled by those who use e-cigs? |
d. nicotine. |
