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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
90% of all living matter is composed of:
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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All macro molecules include:
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1. carbohydrates
2. proteins 3. lipids 4. nucleic acids |
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Used by the cell to make nucleic acids
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phosphorus
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Used to bond protein structures
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sulfur
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composed of the proton and neutron particles of the atom
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nucleus
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In a H20 molecule where is the covalant bond?
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within the molecule
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In a H20 molecule where is the hydrogen bond?`
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between the H20 molecule
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When protons = neutrons the atom is:
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uncharged
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Do the number of protons ever change?
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no
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# of electrons in the valance shell is determined by:
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column
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The number of shells is determined by:
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row
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When there are more electrons than protons you have a ______________
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- charge
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charged element
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ion
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contains the same amount of electrons and protons
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atom
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Protons have a ___ charge
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positive
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Neutrons carry a ______ charge
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neutral
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Electrons carry a ___ charge
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negative
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1 proton = ______ electrons
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2,000
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also known as energy levels
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electron shells
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Elements found in the human body generally only have __
shells |
4
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results from the interaction of electrons
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chemical bond
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contributes to the characteristic of the molecule
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bond strength
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Bonds include:
1. 2. 3. |
1. covalent
2. ionic 3. hydrogen |
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When you lose an electron you have a __ charge
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positive
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When you gain an electron you have a __ charge
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negative
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does not share electrons equally
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polar
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These are formed when atoms share electrons
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covalent bonds
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These bonds are strong and difficult to break
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covalent
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these are required to break bonds
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enzymes
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These are formed with the loss and gain of electrons between atoms.
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ionic bonds
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All organic compounds contain______ and at least one _________ atom.
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carbon
hydrogen |
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Carbon can form bonds in these three different configurations:
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ring structures
chain branched chains |
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The bonded carbon structures are called the ___________
________________ |
carbon skeleton
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O-H
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alcohol
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group name for R-O-H is:
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hydroxyl
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A central carbon double bonded to one oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl molecule
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acid
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O=C-OH
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acid
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group name of acids
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carboxyl
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often written as COOH
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acid
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One nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen molecules
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amine
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group name of amines:
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amino
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H-N-H
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amine
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When bound to a functional group, the carbon skeleton is indicated by:
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R
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One central carbon atom bonded to two carbon skeletons and double bonded to an oxygen
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keton
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O
ll R-C-R |
keton
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One central carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen
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aldehyde
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O
ll C-H |
aldehyde
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Bacterial cells are composed of 90% ____
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water
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All chemical reactions associated with life are based on ____
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H20
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These molecules are metabolized to produce energy
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organic molecules
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All amino acids have the following shared features:
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1. carboxyl group
2. amino group 3. central carbon 4. side chain` |
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The building block of proteins are ______________
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amino acids
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Amino acids are attacted together through __________
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dehydration synthesis
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A _______ bond is formed between amino acids
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peptide
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Peptide bonds are ________
bonds. |
covalent
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What determines the protein?
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the sequence of amino acids
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What are the four levels of structure of a protein?
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1. primary
2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary |
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What consists of an alpha helix or a beta pleated sheet?
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secondary protein
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Which structure is held together by H and disulfide bonding?
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secondary protein structure
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Protein chains are functional at what level?
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tertiary
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This structure is held together by H and disulfide bonding as well as covalent bonds and ionic bonds
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tertiary proteins
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What determines protein function and its ability to bind to its substrate?
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shape
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What consists of two or more tertiary structures bonded together and acting as a single protein?
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quaternary
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What is an example of a quaternary protein?
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hemoglobin
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What are proteins that act as a catalyst?
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enzymes
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What causes an acceleration of a chemical reaction without affecting the outcome of the reaction?
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enzyme
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Bonds break --protein ____
___ -- loses function -- ____________ |
loses shape
denaturation |
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Compounds containing primarily carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
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carbohydrates
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ratio of this atom is 1:2:1
1 C, 2 H, 1 O |
carbohydrate
|
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C6 H12 O6
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glucose
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What is the simplest carbohydrate?
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monosaccharide
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C5 H10 O5
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basic carbohydrate formula for a pentose
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What is the basic carbohydrate formula for a hexose?
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C6 H12 O6
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Common pentose
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ribose & deoxyribose
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common hexose
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glucose & galactose & fructose
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Monosaccharides can form disaccharides and polysaccharides through __________________
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dehydration synthesis
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What is the function of a carbohydrate?
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1. give structure to the bacterial cell wall
2. act as a primary source of energy |
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glucose + glucose
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maltose
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glucose + fructose
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sucrose
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glucose + galactose
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lactose
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Starch is a ______________
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polysaccharide
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What are insoluble in water?
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lipids
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If hydrocarbon has no double bonds it is a _______________
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saturated fat
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Fatty acids are long ___________ chains
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hydrocarbon
|
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hetero means ______________
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different
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Lipids are ___________ in structure
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heterogeneous
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If hydrocarbon contains one or more double bonds it is ______________
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unsaturated
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one double bond =
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monosaturated
|
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H H H H H H H H
H C C C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H |
fatty acid
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three fatty acids bound to glycerol =
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triglyceride
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structure is glycerol bound to two fatty acids and PO4 ion
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phospholipid
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simple lipids made up of four hydrocarbon rings
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steroids
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How do steroids differ from fats?
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in structure
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Why are steroids classified as a lipid?
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due to their insolubility in water
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Whose function is to make up the structure of the plasma membrane?
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lipid
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What can act as a primary source of energy as well as a carbohydrate?
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lipid
|
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nucleic acids are made of:
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1. carbon
2. hydrogen 3. oxygen 4. nitrogen 5. phosphorus atoms |
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five carbon sugar
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ribose or deoxyribose
|
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA
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a double stranded helical molecule
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DNA
|
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What carries the genetic code?
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DNA
|
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ex. of nitrogenous bases
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1. purine
2. pyrimadine |
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ribonucleic acid
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RNA
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How does DNA differ from RNA?
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in structure and function
|
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five carbon sugar
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ribose
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ex. of purine
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1. adenine
2. guanine |
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ex. of pyrimadine
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1. cytosine
2. uracil |
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Is RNA single or double stranded?
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single
|
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What are the three types of RNA in protein synthesis?
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1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) 3. transter RNA (tRNA) |
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Is the growth in bacterial organisms static?
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no
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The population growth of bacteria follows a predictable sequence of what four readily distinguishable phases?
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1. lag phase
2. log phase 3. stationary phase 4. death or decline phase |
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During what phase do cells increase in size but not in number?
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lag phase
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Which phase is called the "period of adjustment?
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lag phase
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During what phase are cells metabolically active?
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lag phase
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Which phase of bacterial growth is called the "period of growth"?
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log phase
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During which phase is the growth of bacteria exponential?
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log phase
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During which phase of bacterial growth at its maximum rate?
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log phase
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During which phase of bacterial growth are the cells nearly uniform?
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log phase
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During the log phase there is a _____________ of the population with each generation.
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doubling
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During which phase is cell death equal to cell division?
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stationary phase
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The time between cell divisions is called what?
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generation time
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This stage is a result of increased toxin and decreased nutrient:
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stationary phase
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During which period of bacterial growth is cell death greater than cell division?
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death or decline phase
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Which stage is due to the nearly complete depletion of nutrient?
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death or decline phase
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