Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the characteristics of carbon atoms?
|
- Can make large molecules;
- Can combine with up to four atoms; - Can form chains or rings; - Are classified according to how they're arranged. |
|
|
What are the rules that carbons follow?
|
- Form stable bonds with themselves and with most other elements;
- Form branched chains and ring chains; - Form singe- , double- & triple-bonds; - Form cis-trans isomeres; - Other elements can interrupt the chain; - All the rules can occur together. |
|
|
Describe Alkanes.
|
- Single bonded Carbons;
- General formula is CnH2+2. - Ending -ene. |
|
|
What are carbons called when they form a ring?
|
You add -cyclo-.
|
|
|
Describe alkane reactions.
|
- There are mostly intert reactions;
- No reaction with strong acids, bases & redox agents. |
|
|
Describe alkane halogen substituition.
|
- Happens with ultraviolet light so the covalent bonds break, then halogens replace hydrogens.
|
|
|
Describe alkane nitration.
|
- Nitric acid HNO3 replace hydrogens with nitro-groups -NO2, these are nitro-compounds.
|
|
|
How do you combust alkanes?
|
- You add oxygen and get Co2 and H2O.
|
|
|
How do you count alcohols?
|
Meth-, Eth-, Prop-, But-, Pent-, Hex-, Oct-, Non- & Dec-.
|
|
|
Describe Alkenes.
|
- They're carbons with double-bonds;
- Three sp2 hybridized orbitals and a p-orbital; - Shorter bond length and no free bond rotation; - Functional group; - General formula CnH2n |
|
|
What are the properties of double bonds?
|
They're highly reactive because the carbons are closer together.
|
|
|
Describe the alkene reaction and halogen addition.
|
Halogens will break the second bond and add themselves to make an alkane.
|
|
|
How do you test for a double-bond?
|
You add bromine, the red color disappear as bromine is added to the double bond, its added just as halogens are added.
|
|
|
Describe Alkynes.
|
- They have triple bonds;
- They've two Sp hybridized orbitals and 2p orbitals; - Shorter bond lengths and they've no bond rotation; - Bond angle 180 degrees; - Functional group; - General formula CnH2n-2 |
|
|
Describe alcohols.
|
- Contain Hydroxyl group -OH;
- They've high boiling point because of hydrogen bonding; - Can be used in synthesis. |
|
|
Describe primary alcohol.
|
- General formula ROH
- Bonded to a carbon which is attached to another carbon. |
|
|
Describe secondary alcohol.
|
- General formula R2OH
- Bonded to a carbon which is bonded to two carbons. |
|
|
Describe tertiary alcohol.
|
- General formula R3OH;
- Bonded to a carbon which is bonded to three other carbons. |
|
|
Name some common alcohols.
|
- Methanol CH3OH;
- Ethanol CH3CH2OH; - 2-propanol CH3CH2CH3OH; |
|
|
Describe denatured alcohol.
|
This is alcohol that has been poisoned, industrial ethanol eg.
|
|
|
Describe absolute alcohol.
|
100% pure ethanol, used for reactions where water has to be absent.
|
