Chemistry

Front 1

The most basic unit of a chemical substance is

Back 1

atom

Front 2

Matter is defined as anything that

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Has weight and occupies space

Front 3

Which subatomic particles interact during chemical reactions

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Electrons

Front 4

What are three most common subatomic particles

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Electrons, protons, and neutrons

Front 5

What happens in an anabolic reaction

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Large molecules are made

Front 6

What is meant by organic molecule?

Back 6

Contains both Carbon and Hydrogen

Front 7

What are the 3 states of matter

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Solid, Liquid, and Gas

Front 8

The area in the middle of an atom where some of the subatomic particles hang out

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Nucleus

Front 9

Major subatomic particles that orbit around the nucleus and are in constant motion are

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electrons

Front 10

_________ and _________ are relatively large sub atomic particles found in the atoms nucleus.

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Protons and Neutrons

Front 11

-Protons are _______ charged particles.

-Electrons are ______ charged particles.

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-Positively

-Negatively

Front 12

Electrons orbiting the nucleus must ___________ the protons in the nucleus.

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Equal

*The - charge of the electrons exactly balance the positive charge of the protons making the atom neutral.

Front 13

Atomic Number

Back 13

The # of protons in an individual atom of that element. Each element has a specific # of protons and all atoms of that element have the same number.

Front 14

Atomic Mass/Weight

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total mass of a single atom of that element

Front 15

Isotopes

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Atoms of the same element that have different atomic weights.

Front 16

Chemical Bonding

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When 2 or more atoms join together to form a molecule.

Front 17

Ions

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All atoms that have gained or lost electrons that carry an electrical charge.

Front 18

Ions of _________ charges attract eachother

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opposite

Front 19

Covalent Bond

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Two atoms share the electrons in their outer shell to be stable.

Front 20

Hydrogen Bond

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A weak bond that can form between the hydrogen atoms in one molecule and some atoms in other molecules.

Front 21

Solution

Back 21

One substance, the solute, dissolves in another substance, the solvent.

Front 22

Compound

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When two or more atoms from different elements bind together.

Front 23

Molecular Formula

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Tells you what the molecule is made of.

Front 24

Electrolyte

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Any compound that releases ions in water.

*Three types: Acids, Bases, and Salts

Front 25

Main Categories of Organic Compounds

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Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

Front 26

_________, which includes fats and steroids dont dissolve in water.

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Lipids

Front 27

Why are enzymes important for body processes

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Because they allow chemical reactions to occur

Front 28

Mechanical Energy

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Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

Front 29

Energy

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The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in action (kinetic energy).

Front 30

Kinetic energy

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The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.

Front 31

Potential Energy

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Stored or inactive energy.

Front 32

Chemical Energy

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Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

Front 33

Electrical Energy

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Energy formed by the movement of charged particles across cell membranes.

Front 34

Physical Properties

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Those detected with our senses

Front 35

Chemical Properties

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Pertain to the way atoms interact with one another

Front 36

_____________ ________ is a type of stored energy.

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Potential

Front 37

Which type of energy moves in waves

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Radiant energy

Front 38

_________ energy is energy directly involved with the movement of objects.

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Mechanical

Front 39

Ninety-two elements occur in nature. Only ____ of these make up 96% of the human body weight. These are:

Back 39

Four;

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Front 40

Each known element is designated with a one- or two-letter chemical shorthand known as the

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Atomic Symbol

Front 41

A homogenous mixture of gases, liquids, or solids is referred to as a

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Solution

Front 42

A ________ is a physical intermixing of two or more compounds.

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Mixture

Front 43

The difference between a colloid and a suspension is

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A colloid can undergo sol-gel transformation, whereas a suspension cannot

Front 44

The outermost energy shell of an atom is known as its

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Valence Shell

Front 45

Ionic Bond

Back 45

is a chemical bond formed by the transfer of one or more electrons from the outermost energy level (the valance shell) of one atom to that of the other.

Front 46

A _______ bond is formed when a hydrogen bond already covalently linked to one electronegative atom binds with another electron hungry atom to form a bridge.

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Hydrogen

Front 47

Anabolism

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the process by which atoms or molecules combine to form larger more complex molecules

Front 48

__________ ________ involve the breaking of down large complex molecules into smaller, simpler molecules and atoms.

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Catabolic reactions

Front 49

Reactions which release energy are

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exergonic reactions

Front 50

________ is considered the universal solven

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Water

Front 51

Chaperonins

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enzymes that aid in the desired folding of proteins.

Front 52

What kind of lipids are thought to decrease heart disease?

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Omega-3 fatty acids

Front 53

Steroids, whose single most important molecule is ____a___, are associated with _____b___increased heart and vascular disease.

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a. cholesterol

b. increased

Front 54

MicroRNA (miRNA) controls

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genetic expression by turning some genes on and others off, thus controlling genetic expression.

Front 55

________ reactions involve a release of energy.

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Catabolic

Front 56

Buffers tend to prevent dramatic changes in the pH when ________ ______ are added to a solution.

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Proton Donors

Front 57

Chemical reactions that release energy are ________.

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exergonic

Front 58

________ ______ form between two atoms when one atom donates an electron to the other atom

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Ionic Bonds

Front 59

The sequence of amino acids in a protein constitutes the ________ structure of the protein.

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primary

Front 60

______ are proton acceptors.

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Bases

Front 61

A charged particle is correctly called an ______

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Ion

Front 62

A _______ reaction always involves bond formation.

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synthesis

Front 63

______ is found in ALL organic compounds.

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Carbon

Front 64

_______ bonds are generally found in inorganic compounds.

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Ionic

Front 65

Covalent bonds are generally ________ than ionic bonds.

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Stronger

Front 66

_______ are the smallest piece of an element.

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Atoms

Front 67

Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of ________ contained.

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Neutrons

Front 68

_______ are humans' most plentiful source of stored energy.

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Lipids

Front 69

_________ usually have very different properties from the atoms that make them.

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Compounds

Front 70

The ______ the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.

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lower

Front 71

What is the type of bond that equally shares electrons between its atoms?

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covalent.

*This is the most stable bond because the electron sharing is fifty fifty.

Front 72

The lack of what element determines if a compound is inorganic?

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carbon.

*Generally carbon signifies that a compound is organic.

Front 73

Which class of inorganic compounds determines the pH of a solution

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Acids

*pH is a measure of free hydrogen ions released by acids.

Front 74

What do you call an acid that totally dissociates in solution?

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Strong

*When an acid totally dissociates, it releases more hydrogen ions, making the solution more acidic.

Front 75

What is the process called that decreases either the concentration of free hydrogen ions or the concentration of free hydroxide ions?

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Neutralization

*By binding the free hydrogen and hydroxide ions, the solution moves closer to neutral.

Front 76

What are the chemical systems called that work to regulate acids and bases in the body?

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Buffers

*The bicarbonate system of blood is an example of a chemical buffer that regulates acids and bases.

Front 77

What is another term for water that refers to its high reactivity?

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The universal solvent

*Water's high reactivity effectively dissociates many compounds.

Front 78

What is a positively charged ion called?

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Cation

*A cation is an atom with an overall positive charge.

Front 79

________ bonds give molecules their 3-dimensional shape.

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Hydrogen

Front 80

What pH measure is considered neutral?

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7

Front 81

What are the ionized components of salts called?

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Electrolytes

Front 82

What does the high heat capacity of water help us regulate?

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Body Temp

Front 83

Which two organs are important in buffering acid – base fluctuations?

Back 83

Kidneys and Lungs