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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acid |
A species that is a proton donor |
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Activation energy |
The minimum energy required to start a reaction by the breaking of bonds |
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Addition polymer |
A very long molecular chain, formed by repeated addition reactions of many unsaturated alkene molecules |
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Addition polymerisation |
The process in which unsaturated alkene molecules (monomers) add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain(the addition polymer) |
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Addition reaction |
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule |
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Adsorption |
The process that occurs when a gas, liquid or solute is held to the surface of a solid or, more rarely, a liquid. |
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Alicyclic hydrocarbon |
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a ring structure |
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Aliphatic hydrocarbon |
A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains |
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Alkali |
A type of base that dissolves in water forming hydroxide(aq) ions |
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Alkanes |
The homologous series with the general formula: CnH2n+2 |
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Alkyl group |
An alkene with a hydrogen atom removed, e.g. CH3, C2H5; alkyl groups are often shown as 'R' |
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Amount of a substance |
The quantity whose unit is the mole. Chemists use 'amount of substance' as a means of counting atoms. |
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Anhydrous |
A substance contains no water molecules |
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Anion |
A negatively charged ion |
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Atom economy |
Molecular mass of a desired product ➗ sum of molecular masses of all products. ✖️100 |
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Atomic orbital |
A region within an atom that can hold up to two electrons, with opposite spins |
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Atomic(proton) number |
The number of protons in a nucleus of an atom |
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Average bond enthalpy |
The average change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission one mol of a given type of bond in the molecules of a gaseous species |
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Avogadro's constant |
The number of atoms per mile of the carbon-12 isotope (6.02X10^23mol-1) |
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Base |
A species that is a proton acceptor |
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Biodegradable material |
A substance that is broken down naturally in the environment |
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Boltzmann distribution |
The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, usually shown as a graph |
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Boltzmann distribution |
The distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, usually shown as a graph |
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Bond enthalpy |
The enthalpy change that takes place when breaking by homolytic fission 1 mil of a given bond in the gaseous species |
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Carbanion |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge |
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Carbanion |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge |
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Carbanion |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge |
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Catalyst |
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction with ought being used |
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Carbanion |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge |
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Catalyst |
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction with ought being used |
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Cation |
A positively charged ion |
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Carbanion |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a negative charge |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which a carbon atom has a positive charge |
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Catalyst |
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction with ought being used |
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Cation |
A positively charged ion |
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Cis-trans isomerism |
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non-hydrogen group and hydrogen on each of the C of a C=C double bond: the cis isomer (Z) has the H atoms on each carbon on the SAME side; the trans isomer (E) has the H atoms on each carbon on DIFFERENT sides |
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Compound |
A substance formed from two or more chemically bonded elements in a fixed ratio, usually shown by a chemical formula |
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Concentration |
The amount of a solute, in mol, per 1 dm^3 (1000 cm^3) of solution. |
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Concentration |
The amount of a solute, in mol, per 1 dm^3 (1000 cm^3) of solution. |
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Coordinate bond |
A shared pair of electrons which has been provided by ONE of the bonding atoms only; also called a dative covalent bond |
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Covalent bond |
A bond formed by a pair of shared electrons. |
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Covalent bond |
A bond formed by a pair of shared electrons. |
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Cracking |
The breaking down of long-chained saturated hydrocarbons to form a mixture of shorter-chained alkanes and alkenes |
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Curly arrow |
A symbol used in reaction mechanisms to show the movement of an electron pair in the breaking of formation of a covalent bond |
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Dative covalent bond |
A shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only |
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Dative covalent bond |
A shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only |
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Dehydration |
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule |
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Dative covalent bond |
A shared pair of electrons which has been provided by one of the bonding atoms only |
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Dehydration |
An elimination reaction in which water is removed from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule |
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Delocalised electron |
Electrons that are shared between more than two atoms |
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Displacement reaction |
A reaction in which a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from an aqueous solution of the latter's ions |
