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97 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Energy
the capacity to do work
MATTER INTO MOTION
2 types KINETIC and POTENTIAL
Kinetic Energy
energy in action
Potential Energy
stored or inactive energy
energy of position
Chemical Energy
stored in bonds of chemical substance
a form of potential energy
Electrical Energy
results from movement of charged particles
Mechanical Energy
directly involved in moving matter
Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy
energy traveling in waves
ie visible light
uv light
xrays
True Easy to convert Energy
Energy is easily converted from one form to another
light to electricity
heat to light
chemical into mechanical
Heat
when energy is lost during conversion
Matter
Anything that had mass and takes up space
3 states SOLID LIQUID GAS
Solid Matter
has shape and volume
Liquid Matter
has volume but changeable shape
Gas Matter
has changeable shape and volume
Elements
cannot be broken down further by ordinary means
Atoms
smallest unit of an element
Atomic Symbol
one or two letter shorthand for each element
CHON
Major elements of human body
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

greatest to least would be OCHN
Atomic Structure
Nucleus has neutrons and protons
Electrons orbit the nucleus
Neutron
no charge have mass of 1 amu atomic mass unit
Protons
Positive charge 1 amu
Electrons
have negative charge and 1/2000 mass of proton or 0 amu
Planetary Model
electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbit
Orbital Model
regions around nucleus where electrons are most likely found
Atomic Number
equal to number of protons
Atomic Mass Number
equal to mass of protons and neutrons
Atomic Weight
average of all the atomic mass numbers of all isotopes
Isotope
atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
Radioisotopes
atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity
Mixtures
2 or more components physically intermixed but not chemically bonded
ie italian dressing
Solutions
mixture of fluids
SOLUTE and SOLVENT
Solute
substances present in smaller amounts
salt water (salt is solute. .. water is solvent)
Solvent
substance present in greater amount in solution
Percent
parts per 100 parts
Molarity
moles per liter M
Mole
is equal to an element or compounds atomic or molecular weight in grams
12.01 grams of Carbon equals 1 mole of C
Colloids or Emulsions
heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out
jello or cytosol of your cells
Suspensions
heterogeneous mixtures with visible solutes that tend to settle out
oil and water
blood
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Ionic and Hydrogen
Number of electrons in Valence shell
determines atoms bonding behavior
Electrons
Negative
Repel one another
attracted to protons
add electrons as you go down and across periodic table
Orbitals
can hold as many as 2 electrons
closest to nucleus and filled first
Octet Rule
Electron shells filled 2,8,8,8....
Strong desire... atoms want 8 electrons in outer shell
First shell
lowest energy
holds 1 orbital with up to 2 electrons
Second Shell
4 orbitals hold up to 8 electrons
Inert Bond
8 electrons are already in outer shell so need to donate or share
Ionic Bond
have too few or too many elctrons so they donate or accept donations of electrons. TRANSFER
Weaker
ie chalk salt etc
Covalent Bond
have no where near 8 so have to SHARE electrons
can have single double or triple covalent bonds
Hydrogen Bond
a weak charge interaction
polar molecules have PARTIAL CHARGES
partial charges allow for charge interactions
Too weak to bind atoms together
responsible for surface tension in water
give molecule a 3 D shape
hold DNA together
Inert or Noble Gases
have 8 electrons in outer shell are happy on their own
Reactive Elements
do not have their outermost energy level occupied by electrons
Charge Attractions
Ionic bonds connect atoms together by ?
Free Radical
molecule that lacks a full complement of electrons in outer shell
high capacity to oxidize
can STEAL electron fron another stable molecule
Antioxidant
chemical that gives up an electron to a free radical before it damages a cell
Some manufactured by body (melatonin)
others in diet (vit c vit e carotenoids)
Non-polar Molecule
electrons shared EQUALLY between atoms
Polar Molecule
unequal sharing of electrons
Carry a little charge that water is attracted to
Will dissolve in water
High Heat Capacity
absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature
High Heat of Vaporization
changing from liquid to a gas required large amounts of heat
Polar Solvent Properties
dissolves ionic substances forms hydration layers around large charged molecules and serves as bodys major transport medium
Reactivity
water peptide bonds break down easily for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
Cushioning
resilient cushion around certain organs
Cohesive
helps keep your blood in
Chemical Reaction
occur when chemical bonds are formed
are written in symbol form using chemical equations
Number and type of reacting substances and products produced
is H + H --> H2
4 H + C --> CH4 (methane)
Exergonic Reactions
GIVE UP ENERGY
reactions that release energy
exothermic (fire)
Endergonic Reaction
TAKES UP ENERGY
reaction whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants
cold packs
evaporation
Temperature
how fast things are moving
Particle Size
the smaller the particle the faster the chemical reaction
Concentration
the more particles there are the easier it is to react
Catalysts
anything that helps a chemical reaction
Enzyme
biological catalyst
Inorganic Chemistry
no carbon
water
salts
acids and bases
Organic Chemistry
CARBON BASED
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids
Acids
anything that release Hydrogen
LOW pH
0 - 6.99
Bases or Alkaline
anything that releases OH-
HIGH pH
7.01 - 14
Neutral
equal H and OH-
water
pH of 7
Buffers
systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
Carbohydrates
sugar and provide energy
monosaccharides are simple sugars
Lipids
fats
neutral fats (energy)
phospholipids (cell membranes)
steroids (signaling molecules like hormones)
eicosanoids (signaling molecules)
Neutral Fats
Triglyceride
basic food and food storage
Phosholipids
Cell Membranes (walls)
half charged and half not so one side likes water the other does not
Steroids
cholesterol
testoerone
progesterone
estrogen
flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings
Eicosanoids
signaling molecule
dont happen often
Saturated fats
no double bonds so lays FLAT
pretty solid
coconut oil
Unsaturated Fats
have some kinks
has a double bond so hard to break apart
cant stick together so more of a liquid
olive oil
Trans Fats
has double bond and no kink
so lays flat and is VERY SOLID
worst parts of saturated and unsaturated
so VERY SOLID and can't be BROKEN DOWN
Prostaglandins
lipids
have role in pain reception
NSAIDs reduce effects of prostaglandins
omega-3 fatry acids help stimulate prostaglandins that aid in blood pressure and inflammation
Amino Acids
building blocks of proteins
20 different amino acids
Primary
sequence of amino acids
Secondary
alpha helices (spiral staircase)
beta pleated sheet
Tertiary
combination of alpha helix and beta sheets
basically folding and combination of secondary structures
Quaternary
linked together in separate steps and then linked together
hemoglobin is and example
Fibrous
long proteins
keratin
elastin
collagen
Globular
proteins that are compact spherical
antibodies
hormones
enzymes
Denaturation
proteins must be in a certain shape to function
if it gets denatured it will no longer be in right shape
heat stroke
Nucleic Acids
composed of Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus
Structural units of DNA and RNA
DNA
double stranded
sugar -Deoxyribose
A:T
C:G
in nucleus
RNA
single stranded
sugar :Ribose
A:U
C:G
Covalent is shared
covalent is shared