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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Energy
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the capacity to do work
MATTER INTO MOTION 2 types KINETIC and POTENTIAL |
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Kinetic Energy
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energy in action
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Potential Energy
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stored or inactive energy
energy of position |
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Chemical Energy
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stored in bonds of chemical substance
a form of potential energy |
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Electrical Energy
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results from movement of charged particles
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Mechanical Energy
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directly involved in moving matter
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Radiant or Electromagnetic Energy
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energy traveling in waves
ie visible light uv light xrays |
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True Easy to convert Energy
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Energy is easily converted from one form to another
light to electricity heat to light chemical into mechanical |
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Heat
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when energy is lost during conversion
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Matter
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Anything that had mass and takes up space
3 states SOLID LIQUID GAS |
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Solid Matter
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has shape and volume
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Liquid Matter
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has volume but changeable shape
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Gas Matter
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has changeable shape and volume
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Elements
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cannot be broken down further by ordinary means
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Atoms
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smallest unit of an element
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Atomic Symbol
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one or two letter shorthand for each element
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CHON
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Major elements of human body
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen greatest to least would be OCHN |
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Atomic Structure
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Nucleus has neutrons and protons
Electrons orbit the nucleus |
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Neutron
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no charge have mass of 1 amu atomic mass unit
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Protons
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Positive charge 1 amu
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Electrons
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have negative charge and 1/2000 mass of proton or 0 amu
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Planetary Model
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electrons move around the nucleus in fixed orbit
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Orbital Model
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regions around nucleus where electrons are most likely found
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Atomic Number
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equal to number of protons
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Atomic Mass Number
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equal to mass of protons and neutrons
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Atomic Weight
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average of all the atomic mass numbers of all isotopes
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Isotope
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atoms with same number of protons but different number of neutrons
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Radioisotopes
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atoms that undergo spontaneous decay called radioactivity
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Mixtures
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2 or more components physically intermixed but not chemically bonded
ie italian dressing |
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Solutions
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mixture of fluids
SOLUTE and SOLVENT |
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Solute
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substances present in smaller amounts
salt water (salt is solute. .. water is solvent) |
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Solvent
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substance present in greater amount in solution
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Percent
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parts per 100 parts
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Molarity
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moles per liter M
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Mole
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is equal to an element or compounds atomic or molecular weight in grams
12.01 grams of Carbon equals 1 mole of C |
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Colloids or Emulsions
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heterogeneous mixtures whose solutes do not settle out
jello or cytosol of your cells |
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Suspensions
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heterogeneous mixtures with visible solutes that tend to settle out
oil and water blood |
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Chemical Bonds
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Covalent Ionic and Hydrogen
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Number of electrons in Valence shell
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determines atoms bonding behavior
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Electrons
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Negative
Repel one another attracted to protons add electrons as you go down and across periodic table |
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Orbitals
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can hold as many as 2 electrons
closest to nucleus and filled first |
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Octet Rule
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Electron shells filled 2,8,8,8....
Strong desire... atoms want 8 electrons in outer shell |
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First shell
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lowest energy
holds 1 orbital with up to 2 electrons |
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Second Shell
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4 orbitals hold up to 8 electrons
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Inert Bond
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8 electrons are already in outer shell so need to donate or share
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Ionic Bond
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have too few or too many elctrons so they donate or accept donations of electrons. TRANSFER
Weaker ie chalk salt etc |
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Covalent Bond
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have no where near 8 so have to SHARE electrons
can have single double or triple covalent bonds |
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Hydrogen Bond
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a weak charge interaction
polar molecules have PARTIAL CHARGES partial charges allow for charge interactions Too weak to bind atoms together responsible for surface tension in water give molecule a 3 D shape hold DNA together |
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Inert or Noble Gases
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have 8 electrons in outer shell are happy on their own
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Reactive Elements
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do not have their outermost energy level occupied by electrons
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Charge Attractions
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Ionic bonds connect atoms together by ?
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Free Radical
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molecule that lacks a full complement of electrons in outer shell
high capacity to oxidize can STEAL electron fron another stable molecule |
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Antioxidant
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chemical that gives up an electron to a free radical before it damages a cell
Some manufactured by body (melatonin) others in diet (vit c vit e carotenoids) |
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Non-polar Molecule
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electrons shared EQUALLY between atoms
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Polar Molecule
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unequal sharing of electrons
Carry a little charge that water is attracted to Will dissolve in water |
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High Heat Capacity
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absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature
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High Heat of Vaporization
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changing from liquid to a gas required large amounts of heat
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Polar Solvent Properties
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dissolves ionic substances forms hydration layers around large charged molecules and serves as bodys major transport medium
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Reactivity
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water peptide bonds break down easily for hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
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Cushioning
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resilient cushion around certain organs
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Cohesive
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helps keep your blood in
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Chemical Reaction
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occur when chemical bonds are formed
are written in symbol form using chemical equations Number and type of reacting substances and products produced is H + H --> H2 4 H + C --> CH4 (methane) |
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Exergonic Reactions
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GIVE UP ENERGY
reactions that release energy exothermic (fire) |
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Endergonic Reaction
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TAKES UP ENERGY
reaction whose products contain more potential energy than did its reactants cold packs evaporation |
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Temperature
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how fast things are moving
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Particle Size
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the smaller the particle the faster the chemical reaction
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Concentration
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the more particles there are the easier it is to react
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Catalysts
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anything that helps a chemical reaction
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Enzyme
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biological catalyst
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Inorganic Chemistry
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no carbon
water salts acids and bases |
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Organic Chemistry
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CARBON BASED
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids |
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Acids
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anything that release Hydrogen
LOW pH 0 - 6.99 |
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Bases or Alkaline
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anything that releases OH-
HIGH pH 7.01 - 14 |
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Neutral
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equal H and OH-
water pH of 7 |
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Buffers
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systems that resist abrupt and large swings in the pH of body fluids
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Carbohydrates
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sugar and provide energy
monosaccharides are simple sugars |
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Lipids
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fats
neutral fats (energy) phospholipids (cell membranes) steroids (signaling molecules like hormones) eicosanoids (signaling molecules) |
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Neutral Fats
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Triglyceride
basic food and food storage |
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Phosholipids
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Cell Membranes (walls)
half charged and half not so one side likes water the other does not |
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Steroids
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cholesterol
testoerone progesterone estrogen flat molecules with four interlocking hydrocarbon rings |
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Eicosanoids
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signaling molecule
dont happen often |
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Saturated fats
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no double bonds so lays FLAT
pretty solid coconut oil |
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Unsaturated Fats
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have some kinks
has a double bond so hard to break apart cant stick together so more of a liquid olive oil |
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Trans Fats
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has double bond and no kink
so lays flat and is VERY SOLID worst parts of saturated and unsaturated so VERY SOLID and can't be BROKEN DOWN |
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Prostaglandins
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lipids
have role in pain reception NSAIDs reduce effects of prostaglandins omega-3 fatry acids help stimulate prostaglandins that aid in blood pressure and inflammation |
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Amino Acids
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building blocks of proteins
20 different amino acids |
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Primary
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sequence of amino acids
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Secondary
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alpha helices (spiral staircase)
beta pleated sheet |
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Tertiary
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combination of alpha helix and beta sheets
basically folding and combination of secondary structures |
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Quaternary
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linked together in separate steps and then linked together
hemoglobin is and example |
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Fibrous
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long proteins
keratin elastin collagen |
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Globular
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proteins that are compact spherical
antibodies hormones enzymes |
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Denaturation
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proteins must be in a certain shape to function
if it gets denatured it will no longer be in right shape heat stroke |
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Nucleic Acids
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composed of Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Phosphorus
Structural units of DNA and RNA |
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DNA
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double stranded
sugar -Deoxyribose A:T C:G in nucleus |
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RNA
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single stranded
sugar :Ribose A:U C:G |
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Covalent is shared
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covalent is shared
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