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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Alloy
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mixture of a metal and one or more other elements, usually metals
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Chemical change
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a rearrangement of atoms/ molecules to produce one or more new substances with new properties
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Compound
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a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements linked by chemical bonds
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Colloid
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a dispersion of particles from 1 nm to 100nm in at least one dimension in a continuous medium
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Combustion
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burning, or reaction with oxygen producing heat & usually light
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Density
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mass per unit
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Element
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a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons in the nucleus
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Gas
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the state of matter in which particles are far apart & moving randomly
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Heterogeneous
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composed of more than one phase
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Homogeneous
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uniform throughout
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Liquid
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the state of matter characterized by its constituent particles appearing to vibrate about moving points
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Mixture
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a material consisting of two or more substances
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Physical Change
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a change in which the same substance is present before and after the change
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Solid
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the state of matter characterized by particles that appear to vibrate about fixed points
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Solution
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a homogeneous mixture composed of solute and solvent
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Suspension
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a mixture w/ particles large enough to settle to the bottom ( a dispertion of particles in a continuous medium)
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Tyndall Effect ***
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the scattering of light by colloidal particles ( laser thru a solution you can't see the beam in the beaker)
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Acid
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a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water solutions: a proton donor
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Alkane
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an aliphatic hydrocarbon having only single carbon-carbon bonds (rings)
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Anion
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a negative ion
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Binary Ionic Compound
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a compound composed of only two elements
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Avegadro's Number
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the # of objects in a mole
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Alpha Particles
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a helium nucleus (out of orbit -> radioactivity)
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Atom
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the smallest particle of an element
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Atomic Mass
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the mass of an atom in atomic mass units; the average mass of the atoms of an element
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Atomic Number
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# of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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Bond
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the force holding atoms together in a compound or molecule
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Bohr
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planetary atom model
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Actinide Series
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14 elements beginning w/ actinium where the highest energy electrons are in the 5f sublevel
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Atomic Radius
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the distance from the center of an atom to the 90% probability surface of the electron cloud
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Alkali Metal
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an element in group 1 (IA)
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Alkaline Earth Metal
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an element in group 2 (IIA)
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Cation
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a positive ion
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Catalyst
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a substance that speeds a chemical reaction w/o being permanently changed itself
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Chemical Reaction
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a reaction in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances
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Coefficient
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a numeral representing the number of formula units of the substance
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Chemical Formula
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the notation using symbols and numerals to represent the composition of substances
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Covalent Bond
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a bond characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between 2 atoms
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Decomposition
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a reaction in which a compound breaks into two or more simpler substances
AB-> A + B |
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Double Displacement
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a chemical reaction in which the positive part of one compound combines with the negative part of another compound & vice versa
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AB+CD -> AD + CB
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Dissociation
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the seperation of ions in a solution (breaking up)
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Dalton
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in a mixture of gases, the total presure of the mixture is the sum of the partial presures of each component gas
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Excess Reactant
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reactant remaining when all of some other reactant has been consumed
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Electron
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an elementary particle w/ unit negative charge
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Electron Configuration
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a description of the arrangement of the electrons in an atom
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Energy Level
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a specific energy or group of energies that may be possessed by electrons in an atom
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Electronegativity
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the relative attraction of an atom for a shared pair of electrons
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Family/Group
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the elements composing a vertical column of the periodic table
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Ground State
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the state of lowest energy of a system
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Hydrocarbon
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compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon
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Halogen
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an element in group 17 (VIIA)
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Ionization Energy
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the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
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Inorganic
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a substance that is not a hydrocarbon or a derivative of a hydrocarbon
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Ion
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an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
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Ionic Bond
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the electrostatic attraction betweeen ions of opposite charge
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Isotope
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one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
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Limiting Reactant
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the reactant that is consumed completely in a chemical reaction
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Lanthanide Series
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14 elements beginning with lanthanum where the highest energy electrons are in the 4f sublevel
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Molar Mass
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the mass in grams of one mole of a substance
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Mole
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the Avegadro constant number of objects
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Melting Point
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the temperature at which the vapor pressures of the solid & liquid phases of a substance are equal
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Noble Gas
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an element in group 18 (VIIIA)
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Molecule
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a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Neutron
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a neutral subatomic particle (a hadron)
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Organic
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pertaining to carbon compounds
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Percent Composition
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the mass of an element in a compound divided by the mass of the compound * 100
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Period
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a horizontal row of the periodic table
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Periodic Law
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the properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers
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Polyatomic Ion
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a group of atoms covalently bonded but possessing an overall charge
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Precipitate
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a solid, produced by a reaction, that separates from a solution
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Product
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a substance produced as the result of a chemical change
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Orbital
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the space that can be occupied by o,1 or 2 electrons with the same energy level, energy sublevel, and spacial orientation
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Photon
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quantum of radiant energy
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Proton
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positive nucleon
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Reactant
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a starting substance in a chemical reaction
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Rutherford
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the planetary atom model (Bohr)
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Solute
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the substance present in lesser quantity in a solution
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Solvent
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the substance present in the greater amount in a solution
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Synthesis
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the formation of a compound from two or more substances
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Theory
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an explanation of a phenomenon
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Transition Metal
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an element whose highest energy electron is a d sublevel
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Democritus
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1st to consider the atom
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Thompson
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atoms made of electrons embedded in a positive cloud
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Valence Electrons
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electrons in the outer shell of an atom
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Plum Pudding Model
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thompson, atoms made of electrons embedded in a positive cloud
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Metallic Character
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metal, solid, cation, good conductors, high melting points
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Oxidation Number
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nuclear charge
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Emission Spectrum
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visible light that is absorbed or emitted from an excited atom, unique for each element, emitted when return from excited to ground state
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Activity Series
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lists metals in order of potential (Single displacement)
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Thermal Conductivity
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how easily something allows electric current to pass through it ( good = allow electrons to pass freely through it) (band called insulators)
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Conservation of Mass
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matter is always conserved , cant b created or destroyed. only changes in form
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Soluble/insoluble
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solute can/can't be dissolved
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Flammable
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almost all organic compounds are _________
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Pure Substances
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homogeneous materials, same composition
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Properties
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extensive: depend on amount of matter (volume)
intensive: don't depend on amount of matter (density) |
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Ionic Bond
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the electrostatic force that holds two ions together due to their differing charges
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Covalent Compound
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most are formed between atoms of nonmetals, low melting points, do not conduc electricity, brittle
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Monatomic Ion
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an ion made of on atom
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Single Displacement
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one element displaces another in a compound
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Mole Ratio
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compares moles of solute to moles of solution
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Cathode Ray Tube
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Thomson, cathode ( negative electrode) revealed rays in tube beginning at cathode and travel toward anode
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Excited State
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when energy gets added to an atom
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Gold Foil Experiment
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Rutherford, concluded atom is mostly empty space, few particles deflected at large angles -> very small "core" to the atom, core contains all the positive charge and almost all of the mass (nucleus)
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Mendeleev
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similar properties thru a period (vary in length) , left blanks for elements yet to be discovered
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Moseley
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protons, from atomic mass to atomic #
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