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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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why do bonds form?
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to lower the energy of atoms involved in a bond. LAZY SCIENCE
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what are the two elements that break the octet rule?
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Hydrogen (2) and Boron (6)
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Cations form when an atom gains/loses an electron.
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loses. PLUSSY CAT
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Anions form when an atom gains/loses electrons.
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gains.
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What is Ionic Bonding?
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atoms gain or lose electrons to reach a filled outer shell.
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What is covalent bonding?
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atoms bond by sharing electrons
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Electrons are pulled toward the more electronegative atoms forming a ---- covalent bond.
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polar
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Which ways does electronegativity increase on the periodic table?
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^
I I ----------------> |
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What are the four steps to drawing a Lewis Structure?
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1. Count Valance Electrons
2. Connect atoms with single bonds, each single bond uses 2 electrons 3. Add remaining electron pairs as lone pairs to complete each atoms octet. 4. Form Double or triple bonds as needed. |
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Sigma bonds form from direct overlap of --- along the axis between atoms.
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orbitals
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Pi bonds form from parallel overlap of -- orbitals.
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p
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--- orbitals are formed from two p orbitals and one s orbital in the formation of the hybrid orbital.
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sp2
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-- orbitals are formed from one p orbital and one s orbital in the formation of the hybrid orbital.
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sp
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as the number of bonds (single, double, triple) increases, the length of those bonds ---.
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decreases
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The greater the number of lone pairs of electrons, the --- the bond angles between atoms in a molecule.
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smaller
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alcohol
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OH
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ether
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C-O-C
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aldehyde
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CH2=O
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ketone
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CH2-C (w/double bonded O)-CH2
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carboxylic acid
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CH2-C (with double bonded O)- OH
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ester
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CH2-C (w/double bonded O) -O-CH2
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primary amine
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H- C (w/double bonded O) -NH2
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amide
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R- C (w/ db O)- N- R2
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In bronstead lowry acids and bases, any compound containing H can potentially be a/an ---.
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acid
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In bronstead lowry acids and bases, any compound containing a lone pair of electrons can potentially be a/an ---.
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base
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In bronstead lowry acids and bases, any compound that loses a proton is a/an ---.
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acid
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In bronstead lowry acids and bases, any compound that gains a proton is a/an ---.
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base
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the stronger the acid or base, the -- its conjugate is.
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weaker
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pH=
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-log [H3O+]
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pKa=
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-log [Ka]
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the smaller the pKa, the more acidic a hydrogen is and the ---- the base needed to extract that hydrogen.
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weaker
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The more stable the conjugate base, the --- the acid.
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stronger
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For molecules of relatively the same size, --- will determine the acidity of the compound.
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electronegativity.
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By lewis defintion, an acid --- a pair of electrons.
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accepts.
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By lewis definition, a base -- a pair of electrons.
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donates
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pKa is a measurement of relative ---.
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dissociation
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what is the general formula for an alkane?
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CnH2n+2
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what does an isopropyl group look like?
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a V
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what does a sec-butyl group look like?
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an N
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what does tert-butyl look like?
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a chicken foot
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Ethanol is replacing which compound in gasoline as an oxygenating agent?
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MTBE
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increasing chain length increases/decreases alkane boiling point.
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increases
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increasing alkane branching increases/decreases boiling point.
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decreases
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alkanes have a low boiling point due to a lack of a --- moment.
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dipole.
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what is van der Waals in alkanes?
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instantaneous dipole moments are created attracting molecules to one another.
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what are the two forms of basic newman projections?
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staggered and eclipsed
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in a cyclohexane structure, what are the two positions that a molecule can be located in?
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axial and equatorial
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which is more favorable; axial or equatorial
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equatorial
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cis/trans is on the same side.
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cis
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cis/trans is on the opposite side.
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trans
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In alkenes, E formations is opposite/the same side.
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epposite
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in alkenes, Z formation is opposite/the same side.
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the same
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an alkene is more/less stable when it has more R groups bonded to it.
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more
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in alkenes, which is more stable: cis or trans?
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trans
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what is a nucleophile?
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a chemical species that is electron rich and loves positive charge
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what is an electrophile?
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a chemical species that is electron poor and loves negative charge
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What is a mechanism?
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a step by step description oh covalent bonds broken and formed in a reaction
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in mechanisms, we used curved arrows to represent what?
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the movement of electron PAIRS that lead to bonds forming and breaking
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in mechanisms arrows flow from electrophiles/nucleophiles to electrophiles/nucleophiles.
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nucleophile;electrophile
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the rate limiting step of the addition of HX to an alkene is the formation of a carbocation ---.
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intermediate
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the more stable the cation, the faster/slower the formation of the intermediate.
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faster
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what is markovnikov's rule?
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on addition of HX to an unsymmetrical alkene, H adds to the side with more hydrogen
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When drawing addition of X2/H20 in a dashed/wedged version of a ring, is it always cis or trans?
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trans
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Anytime H+ is in a reaction, -- will always be around.
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water
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what is an exception to markonikov's rule?
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hydroboration
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addition to cyclohexane gives all -- products.
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cis
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what happens when methane is oxidized?
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a primary alcohol forms
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what happens when a primary alcohol is oxidized?
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an aldehyde forms
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what happens when an aldehyde is oxidized?
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a carboxylic acid forms
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what are the products of mild oxidation?
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alcohols
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what are the products of intermediate oxidation?
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aldehydes
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what are the products of strong oxidation?
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ketones and or carboxylic acids
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what are the conditions/catalysts needed for mild oxidation?
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KMnO4, OH-, and Low Temp
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what are the conditions/catalysts needed for intermediate oxidation?
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O3, H+/Zn
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what are the conditions/catalysts needed for strong oxidation?
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KMnO4, OH-, and High Temp
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--- ions can react with primary alkyl halides to produce a substitual alkyne.
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acetylide
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What is an acetylide ion?
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an alkyne whose terminal hydrogen has been deprontonated and then replaced with a metal group or halide.
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Benzene will not react with Br2 like a normal alkene because its -- electrons are delocalized.
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pi
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What is the cause for benzene's different reactivity?
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rapid conversion between single and double bonds
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Benzene is --- molecule with all --- hybridization and --- bond angles
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planar; sp2; 120 degree
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the true form of a resonance structure is a --- of all the acceptable structures.
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mixture
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what move in resonance structures?
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pi electrons
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delocalized electrons are more/less stable than localized?
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more
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what is the key to delocalization?
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a lower concentration of electrons in an area
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what happens in a diels-alder reaction?
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the entire system becomes conjugated so that electrons can low through all p orbitals to reform bonds
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an aromatic compound has: all pi/sigma bonds.
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pi
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an aromatic compound has an electron --.
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cloud
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aromatic compounds are --- (geometry)
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planar
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in aromatic compounds, the electron cloud must have an even/odd amount of electron pairs.
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odd
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Lone pairs of electrons involved in the pi system of an aromatic compound will be shown inside/outside of the ring.
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inside
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a -- must be used to generate the electrophile for addition to benzene
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catalyst
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in aromatics, the mechanism for the addition remains the same after the generation of the ---.
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electrophile
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what is tamiflu?
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an antibacterial used for avian and swine flu
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what is capsacicin?
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what makes peppers spicy
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what is trans-resveratrol?
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a defense mechanism of plants found in red wine
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what is warfarin?
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rat poison and blood thinner
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