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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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___- Russian Chemist, Arranged elements in increasing Z and their chemical properties |
Dmitri Mendeleev |
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___- Left of periodic table, Good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, ductile, lustrous |
Metals |
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___- Upper -right of the table, poor conductors/insulators of heat and electricity, rigid, brittle |
Nonmetal |
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___- above and under zigzag, properties between metals and nonmetals |
Metalloids |
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___- Horizontal rows on the PT, Elements have same e- in outmost shell |
Period |
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___- Verticle columns, elements have same number of valence electrons |
Group |
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What is the periodic law? |
When the elements are arranged in order of increasing mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically |
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What are the only 2 posobilities of spin of electrons? |
-(1/2) or +(1/2) |
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What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle? |
No Two electrons int he same atom can have the same set of quantum numbers. |
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An atomic orbital can hold a maximum of ____ electrons with opposite spin |
2 |
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The ___ the electron to the nucleus, the lower the energy level |
Closer |
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The greater the distance between nucleus and electron, the ____ the energy |
Higher |
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What is the Penetration (tunneling) effect? |
Electrons can be found in inner shell regions with a small probability |
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The more penetration, the ____ the electron to the nucleus, the more attraction the electron feels, the more stable the energy level. |
closer |
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What is the Aufbau Principle? |
Electron occupy orbitals starting with the lowest possible energy subshell available, they must occupy all orbitals in the subshell before moving to the next available one, and this only applys for ground-state atoms |
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In Electron configuration, what dies the superscript number represent? |
Number of electron s in the subshell |
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What is Hund's rule? |
When filling a subshell having more than one orbital, fill each orbital first then add a second one with a parallel spin. |
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In an electron configuration diagram, the superscripts add up to ____ |
the total number of electrons. |
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____ use imediately preceeding noble gas as a core |
Condensed electron configuration |
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In electron configuration within a group, period begins with ___ and ends at ___ |
Ns, Np |
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If an element is in the same group, they have ____ electron configuration |
the same |
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What is the Octet rule? |
By losing or gaining or sharing electrons, atoms must have electron configuration as Noble gas elements to be stable. |
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Elements in a ___ have same electron configuration, and are similar in chemical properties |
Group |
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Elements in a ____ have the same outmost shell (n), and the same highest occupied energy level |
Period |
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____- electrons in lower energy levels |
Inner (core) electrons |
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___- Outmost electrons that affect largely chemical properties of the elements |
Valence |
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____ elements lose valence electrons to have the same electron configuration as the previous noble gas element |
Metals |
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____ elements gain enough electrons to have the same electrom confugreation as the noble gas element at the end of the period |
Nonmetal |
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Configuration of _____ ultimately determines ALL properties of an element |
Valence Electrons. |
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When looking left to right in a period, the Z _____ |
increases, valence electrons feel more attraction from the nucleus |
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When looking down in a group, there are more ____ |
core electrons - valence electrons feel more repulsion from core electrons, then less atraction from the nucleus |
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size ___ as the Z _____ |
decreases, increases |
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_____- energy to move one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms or ions |
Ionization Energy |
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____ Estimate value from crystalline ionic compounds |
Ionic Radius |
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_____- Energy change (in kJ/mol) for adding 1 mole of electrons to 1 mole of gaseous atoms or ions |
Electron Affinity |
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With Electronic Affinity, heat ____ for most elemetns |
releases |
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With Electron affinity, heat ___ for 8A |
Absorbsion |
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Electron affinity grows as you move ___ and ___ |
up and right |
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Atomic size increases as you move ___ and ____ |
Left and Down |
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ionization energy increases as you move ___ and ___ |
Up and right |
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___ is when e- can be found in inner shell region with a small probability
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Penetration (tunneling) effect
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When filling the d sublevel in electron configuration, a completely filled d sublevel is ____
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more stable
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What is the Octet rule?
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When bonding, atoms lose, gain, and share electrons to attain a noble gas electron configuration
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In Ionic bonding, Metals ___ electrons to become ___
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lose electrons, cation
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In Ionic bonding, nonmetals ___electrons to become ___
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Gain electrons, anions
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In ionic bonding, which element "owns" the electrons?
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The Anion
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___ is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
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Ionic bonding
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___ is bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms
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Covalent Bonding
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Covalent bonds are between ___ and ___
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nonmetal - nonmetal
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___ shows the relative number of atoms of each element in the compound
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Empirical Formula
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___ shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound
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Molecular Formula
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___ shows the number of atoms and the bonds between them in a molecule
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Structural Formula
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In an ionic compound, the metal loses valence electrons, thus in the lewis dot, the metal has ___ dots and a ___ charge
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no dots, positive charge
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In an ionic compound, the nonmetal gains valence electrons, thus the lewis dot has ___ dots and a ___ charge
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8 dots, negative charge
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In a covalent compound lewis dot, there is ______ electron transfer
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no obvious electron transfer
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____ single nonmetal atom with "n-" charge
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Monatomic anion
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For monatomic anion, how is it named?
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base name + ide
Ex: F- = Fluoride s2- = sulfide |
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___ cluster of atoms with "n-" charge
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Polyatomic
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o2^2-
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Peroxide
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OH-
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Hydroxide
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CN-
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Cyanide
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CH3CO2-
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Acetate
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____ a special group of polyatomic anions with oxygen
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Oxoanions
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____- compounds dissolving in water, releasing H+
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Acids
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During Chemical bonding, atoms get close to share ___ which ___ the energy level
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electron, lowers
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___ is the distance between the nuclei of two bonding atoms
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Bond Length
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___ is the energy required to break a given bond to gaseous atoms
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Bond energy
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___- numbber of electron pairs being shared
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Bond Order
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For a given pair of atoms, the Higher the bond order, the ___ the bond lenghth, the ___ the bond energy
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Shorter, Higher
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___ is the ability of an element to attract bonding electron pairs to itself with a covalent bond
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electronegativity
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What is the periodic trend of Electronegativity?
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Increases up and L-R
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What is the exception to the electronegativity periodic trend?
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Group 8
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___- bonds between two nonmetal atoms with Equal Electronegativity
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Nonpolar Bonds
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___- bonding atoms with different EN
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Polar covalent bond
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___ are valid Lewis Structures with different arangements of electron for one compound
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Resonance Forms
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Which atom is the Central atom in a polyatomic ion?
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Least electronegative atom (except H and F)
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___ is the charge an atom would have if the bonding electrons were shared equally
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Formal Charge
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What is the Formal Charge used for?
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To select the most acceptable resonance structure
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How to find Formal charge?
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FC of atom = (# Valence e- in free atom) - 1/2 (# bonding e-) - ( # e- in lone pair)
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___ main group elements in third period and below form compounds with more than 8 valence electrons
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Expanded Octet
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___ is the relative position of the atoms in a molecule/ ion
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Molecular shape
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___ is the angle formed by the nuclei of two surrounding atoms with the central atom
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Bond Angle
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If there are 2 electron groups, the shape is ___ and the angle is ___
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linear
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if the are 3 e- groups, the shape is ___ and the angle is ___
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Trigonal Planar, 120
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if the are 4 e- groups, the shape is ___ and the angle is ___
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Tetrahedral, 109.5
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if the are 5 e- groups, the shape is ___ and the angle is ___
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Trigonal Bipyramidal180,120,90
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if the are 6 e- groups, the shape is ___ and the angle is ___
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Octahedral, 90
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In the VSEPR model, Lone pairs ___
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cannot be detected
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What is Trigonal Planar with 1 lone pair?
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Bent or V shaped
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What is Tetrahedral with 1 lone pair?
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Trigon Pyramidal
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What is Tetrahedral with 2 lone pairs?
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bent or V shaped
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What is Trigonal Bipyramidal with 1 lone pair?
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SeeSaw
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What is Trigonal Bipyramidal with 2 lone pairs?
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T shaped
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What is Trigonal bipyramidal with 3 lone pairs?
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Linear
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What is Octahedral with 1 lone pair?
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Square Pyramidal
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What is Octahedral with 2 lone pairs?
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Square Planar
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___ Quantitative measurement of magnitude of polarity of a bond
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Dipole moment
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When drawing the dipole moment, the preferred Notation is :
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arrow from less EN to more EN atom
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