Chemistry 102 Test 2

Front 1

What is a hydroxy acid?

Back 1

An acid with both a carboxylic acid and an OH functional group.

Front 2

What is an example of a hydroxy acid and what is it used for?

Back 2

Glycolic acid is used in chemical skin peels.

Front 3

Show hydrogen bonding between 2 propanoic acid molecules

Back 3

Front 4

How to carboxylic acids compare to other functional groups in terms of polarity?

Back 4

Carboxylic acids are more polar than hydrocarbons, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols.

Front 5

How do carboxylic acids compare to other functional groups in terms of boiling point and water solubility?

Back 5

Strong molecular hydrogen bonding gives carboxylic acids higher boiling points than other functional groups. Carboxylic acid can hydrogen bond making it very soluble in water.

Front 6

Name this compound: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOH

Back 6

Heptanoic acid

Front 7

Name this compound: CH3CH2CH(CH3)COOH

Back 7

2-Methylbutanoic acid

Front 8

Name this compound: CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOH

Back 8

3-Methylbutanoic acid

Front 9

What are the reactants involved in an esterification reaction? What are the products generated in this reaction?

Back 9

Reactants: an Alcohol and an Acid
Products: an Ester and Water

Front 10

What is an analgesic?

Back 10

Pain reducer

Front 11

What is an Atipyretic?

Back 11

Fever reducer

Front 12

What is an anti-inflammatory?

Back 12

Inflammation reducer

Front 13

What is nitroglycerin used for?

Back 13

As a vasodilator to treat heart disease.

Front 14

Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
CH3CH2NHCH3

Back 14

SECONDARY

Front 15

Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary?
CH3CH2CH2CH2NH2

Back 15

PRIMARY

Front 16

How do amines compare to other functional groups in terms of boiling point?

Back 16

Amines have higher boiling points than alkanes but lower than alcohols and carboxylic acids.

Front 17

What is a central nervous stimulant?

Back 17

Any substance that stimulates the central nervous system.

Front 18

Give an example of a CNS stimulant.

Back 18

Epinephrine

Front 19

What is a neurotransmitter?

Back 19

Chemical messengers between nerve cells

Front 20

Give an example of a neurotransmitter.

Back 20

Aceylcholine

Front 21

Are amides basic?

Back 21

No, they are neutral because the OH of the carboxylic acid has been replaced with an amino group.

Front 22

What are 2 commonly used amides and what are thier general uses?

Back 22

Acetaminophen is a pain reliever
Nylon is used in clothing

Front 23

What are the 4 general groups of biochemical substances?

Back 23

Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Nucleic Acids

Front 24

Define Carbohydrate.

Back 24

A polyhydroxy aldehyde, a polyhydroxy ketone, or a compound that yields these upon hydrolysis

Front 25

What functional group is present in all carbohydrates?

Back 25

OH

Front 26

Name and describe 2 important functions of carbohydrates

Back 26

Carbohydrate oxidation provides energy
Carbohydrates for part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules

Front 27

Define monosaccharide

Back 27

a carbohydrate with a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit

Front 28

Define ogilosaccharide

Back 28

2-10 monosaccharides bonded together

Front 29

Define Disaccharide

Back 29

2 monosaccharides bonded together

Front 30

Define Polysaccharide

Back 30

many monosaccharides bonded together

Front 31

Chemical name for:
Fruit Sugar

Back 31

Fructose

Front 32

Chemical name for: Blood Sugar

Back 32

Glucose

Front 33

Chemical name for:
Grape sugar

Back 33

Glucose

Front 34

Chemical name for:
Brain Sugar

Back 34

Galactose

Front 35

Chemical name for:
Table Sugar

Back 35

Sucrose

Front 36

What is a chiral molecule?

Back 36

A chiral molecule is one whose mirror images is not superimposable

Front 37

What is a chiral center?

Back 37

A chiral center is an atom with 4 different groups bonded to it

Front 38

What is an enantiomer?

Back 38

Enantiomers are stereoisomers whos molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images of eachother.

Front 39

What is a diastereomer?

Back 39

Diastereomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of eachother

Front 40

What is an optically active compound?

Back 40

An optically active compound is a sample which contains an excess of one enantiomer

Front 41

How do you tell if a structure is a D- or L- isomer?

Back 41

if the OH on the chiral center is on the left it is L- if its on the right it is D-

Front 42

What properties differ between D- and L- isomers?

Back 42

Solubility in chiral solvents
effect on plane polarized light

Front 43

What type of reaction is responsible for the formation of the cyclic Haworth projection form of monosaccharides?

Back 43

Intramolecular hemiacetal reaction

Front 44

Benedicts and Tollens tests are used to test for what kind of sugars?

Back 44

Reducing sugars

Front 45

What disease is associated with glucose in the urine?

Back 45

Diabetes

Front 46

What test is typically used for glucose in the urine?

Back 46

Benedicts reagent

Front 47

What is the linkage between monosaccharides in a disaccharide called

Back 47

Glycosidic linkage

Front 48

What is Galactosemia?

Back 48

A deficiency of one or more enzymes needed to convert galactose to glucose..

Front 49

Give an example of a storage polysaccharide in plants and animals.

Back 49

Plants: Starch
Animals: Glycogen

Front 50

Name the 2 components of starch.

Back 50

Amylose and Amylopectin

Front 51

Which component of starch is branched and which is linear?

Back 51

Amylopectin is branched and Amylose is linear.

Front 52

define homopolysaccharide and heteropolysaccharide

Back 52

Homopolysaccharides contain only one type of monosaccharide
Heteropolysaccharides contain more than one type of monosaccharide

Front 53

Give an example of a structural polysaccharide in animals and plants.

Back 53

Animals: Chitin
Plants: Cellulose

Front 54

What structural polysaccharide is the major component of dietary fiber?

Back 54

Cellulose

Front 55

What is the difference between dietary simple and complex carbohydrates?

Back 55

Simple is usually sweet and complex is not.

Front 56

What is a lipid

Back 56

An organic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

Front 57

describe 2 fuctions of lipids

Back 57

Energy storage
membrane formation

Front 58

What is a fatty acid?

Back 58

A fatty acid is a naturally occuring monocarboxyilic acid that makes up part of a complex lipid molecule that is usually 4 to 26 carbons long.

Front 59

What is an Omega 3 fatty acid?

Back 59

A fatty acid with the double bond 3 carbons away from the methyl end of the fatty acid

Front 60

What is an omega 6 fatty acid?

Back 60

A fatty acid with the double bond 6 carbons away from the methyl end

Front 61

What effects water solubility of fatty acids?

Back 61

Water solubility decreases as carbon chain length increases

Front 62

What effects melting points of fatty acids

Back 62

melting point increases with chain length but decreases with the number of double bonds

Front 63

Which has a higher melting point?
18:0 or 18:1

Back 63

18:0

Front 64

Which has a higher melting point?
14:0 or 16:0

Back 64

16:0

Front 65

Which is more water soluble?
12:0 or 20:0

Back 65

12:0

Front 66

What are the 4 structural subunits that contribute to the structer of a triacylglycerol

Back 66

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Front 67

what is an essential fatty acid

Back 67

An essential fatty aid is a fatty acid required in the human diet.

Front 68

give an example of an essential fatty acid.

Back 68

Linoleic Acid

Front 69

What are essential fatty acids used for in the body

Back 69

Cell membrane structure and as starting materials for longer chain fatty acids.

Front 70

How is soap made?

Back 70

Animal fat is heated with a strong base to produce 3 fatty acids and one glycerol molecule