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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe Rutherford's gold foil experiment and how Rutherford, Bohr, and Heisenberg contributed to the model of the atom
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Rutherford shot fast-moving alpha, positive, particles through a piece of gold foil. Most particles went through, but a few were reflected back towards him because of what he later discovered, the nucleus. Bohr-energy levels and quantum #s. Heisenberg-you cannot know the exact position and momentum of an electron
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What is the charge, mass, and location of the proton, neutron, and electron? What is the atomic mass and mass number?
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proton-positive, heavy, inside nucleus
neutron-neutral, heavy, inside nucleus electron-negative, VERY light, cloud AROUND nucleus atomic #-# of protons and electrons mass #-sum of the protons plus electrons |
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What are the outermost electrons called?
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valence electrons
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The principal quantum number represents the energy levels, what does n equal?
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n= principal quantum number (energy level 1,2,3,...)
l= angular momentum (s-0, p-1, d-2,f-3) m=mag.(2p-(-1), 2p-(0), 2p-(+1)) s= spin (^+1/2,-1/2) |
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What is a cation? Do metals or nonmetals form cations? Are electrons lost or gained?
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A positive ion, formed by the loss of one or more electrons, and leads to a decrease in radius; metals form cations
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If there are two isotopes of carbon, what numbers and particles will be the same and what numbers and particles will be different?
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isotope-an atom that has the same number of protons, but has a different number of electrons, thus a different mass number
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How many electrons in Al+3? How many protons in Al+3?
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10; 13
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How many electrons in S-2? What is the atomic number for S-2?
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18;16
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Does the atomic radii trend increase or decrease going down a group?
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atomic radii increases going down a group, energy levels are added
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Does the atomic radii trend increase or decrease across the period?
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atomic radii decreases across the period, the number of protons increases and attracts the electrons
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Is the trend for electronegativity the same as atomic radii?
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No, opposite-decreases down the group and increases across the period
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Is the trend for ionization energy the same as atomic radii?
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No, opposite-decreases down group and increases across period
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What is ionization energy?
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the energy required to remove one electron from an atokm of an element
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What is the name of Group 1 elements?
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Alkali Metals
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What is the name of Group 2 elements?
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Alkaline-earth Metals
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What is the name of Group 17 elements?
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Halogens
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How many atoms of each element in Ca3(PO4)2?
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Ca=3
P=2 O=8 |
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What types of elements form ionic bonds?
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metals and nonmetals
OR metals and polyatomic ions |
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What happens to the electrons when an ionic bond is formed?
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the electrons are transfered from one element to another, therefore they are either lost or gained
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What happens to the electrons in a covalent bond?
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the electrons are shared between elements
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What types of element form covalent bonds?
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2 nonmetals
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List the prefixes and define them. Name CCl4.
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mono-1, di-2, tri-3, tetra-4, penta-5, hexa-6, hepta-7, octa-8, nona-9, deca-10; carbon tetrachloride
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When do you use a roman numeral for the metal? Write the formula for copper II nitrate and name Fe2(SO4)3.
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Use a roman numeral when there are multiple charges for one element; Cu(NO3)2 and Iron (III) Sulfate
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How many dots do elements in group 18 have?
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8
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How many dots do elements in group 16 have?
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6
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If you have a configuration with 2p3, what does the 2 represent? What does the p represent? What does the 3 mean?
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2=the energy level
p=the orbital level 3 electrons in that orbital |
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What shape is the s orbital? What shape are the p and d orbitals?
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s = sphere
p = dumbell d = lobed |
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What does the general configuration for ns2np3 mean?
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means there are 2 electrons in the nth s level and 3 electrons in the nth p level
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What ion concentration increases when an acid is added to water?
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H30+ (hydronium)
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What ion concentration increases when a base is added to water?
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OH-
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What is the definition of a traditional acid?
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a chemical compound that contains hydrogen and ionizes in aqueous solution to form hydronium ions
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What is the definition of a traditional base?
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substances that contain hydroxide ions and dissociate to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solution
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Define pH and what values of pH represents an acid solution
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pH-the negative of the common logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration; 1-6 acid
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Which state of matter has the fastest moving particles?
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gas
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What is sublimation?
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changing state from a solid straight to a gas
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What state change occurs during condensation?
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gas -> liquid
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What state change occurs during sublimation?
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solid -> gas
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What is the formula for the Ideal Gas Law? What is the formula for the combined Gas Law?
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Ideal- PV=nRT
Combined- P V T =P V T 1 1 2 2 2 1 |
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What temperature and pressure represent STP?
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1 atm and 0C/273K
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What is the relationship between pressure and volume?
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the volume and pressure of a sample of gas at constant temp. are inversely proportional to each other
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What is the relationship between temp. and volume of a gas?
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at constant pressure, the volume of a fixed amount of gas is directly proportional to its kelvin temp.
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What is an empirical formula?
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consists of symbols for the elements combined with subscripts showing the smallest whole-number ration of the atoms
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What law explains why the total mass of the reactant must equal the total mass of the products?
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Law of Conservation of Mass
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At STP 1 mole = _____ liters
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22.4
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