Chemical Senses

Front 1

What are the two chemical senses?

Back 1

Gustation and Olfaction

Front 2

What are the 4 qualities of taste?

Back 2

Bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness
Acronym: BSSS

Front 3

Flavor (not taste) is a composite of what?

Back 3

Olfaction and Gustation

Front 4

About 10,000 tastebuds exist in what four areas of the mouth?

Back 4

Tongue, Palate, Pharynx, and Larynx

Front 5

What are Papillae?

Back 5

Small protuberances of the tongue around which most receptors lie.

Front 6

What qualities of taste does the tip of the tongue detect?

Back 6

Sweet and Salty

Front 7

What quality of taste does the side of the mouth detect?

Back 7

Sourness

Front 8

What quality of taste does the back of the mouth detect?

Back 8

Bitterness

Front 9

Gustatory information is transmitted through which cranial nerves?

Back 9

7, 9, 10

Front 10

Info. from the __________ part of the tongue travels through the ____________, which is branch of which cranial nerve?

Back 10

anterior, chorda tympani, CN 7

Front 11

What is the name of CN 7?

Back 11

Facial

Front 12

Info. from the _________part of the tongue sends info. through which CN?

Back 12

posterior, CN 9

Front 13

What is the name of CN 9?

Back 13

Glossopharyngeal

Front 14

Info. from the _________ and _________ is carried by which CN?

Back 14

palate, epiglottis, 10

Front 15

What is the name of CN 10?

Back 15

Vagus

Front 16

What is the first relay station in the gustatory pathway?

Back 16

Nucleus of the solitary tract (in medulla)

Front 17

Following this relay, what is the next station?

Back 17

Ventral posteromedial nucleus (in the thalamus)

Front 18

Next, the thalamic neurons send axons where?

Back 18

Primary gustatory cortex (in the anterior insula-frontal operculum)

Front 19

Then, info. is sent to the_____?

Back 19

Secondary gustatory cortex (in orbitofrontal cortex)

Front 20

Gustatory cells turn over every ____days

Back 20

60

Front 21

What anatomical area is activated by odorants?

Back 21

Bipolar olfactory receptor neurons
Acronym: BORN

Front 22

Where are the BORN located?

Back 22

Olfactory mucosa

Front 23

Olfactory cells turn over every _____days

Back 23

60

Front 24

How do the receptor cells on the olfactory cilia get stimulted?

Back 24

Odorous molecules dissolve in mucus

Front 25

Where do axons of olfactory receptor cells enter the skull?

Back 25

Through small holes in cribriform plate

Front 26

What is the purpose of free nerve endings of trigeminal contained in mucosa?

Back 26

Mediation of sensations of pain that can be produced by some irritating chemicals like ammonia

Front 27

Where are the olfactory bulbs?

Back 27

At the base of the brain on ends of stalk-like olfactory tracts

Front 28

Each olfactory cell sends how many axons into olfactory bulbs?

Back 28

One

Front 29

This single axon synapses with dendrites from what kind of cell?

Back 29

Mitral

Front 30

Axons of the mitral cells travel to the rest of the brain through what?

Back 30

Olfactory tract

Front 31

Where do the axons of the mitral cells terminate?

Back 31

Some in ipsilateral areas; others cross and enter the olfactory nerve and terminate in the contralateral olfactory bulb

Front 32

How is the primary olfactory cortex unique among sensory systems?

Back 32

It receives direct input from secondary sensory neurons WITHOUT intervening thalamic relay

Front 33

Olfactory tract axons project directly to the __________, ___________, and __________

Back 33

Piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex

Front 34

Primary olfactory cortex projects to several seondary olfactory areas including __________, __________, __________, and __________

Back 34

Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Orbitofrontal cortex, Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

Front 35

Olfactory disturbances can be subdivided into how many groups?

Back 35

4

Front 36

Quantitative abnormalities in smell include what subjective experiences?

Back 36

Loss or reduction of sense of smell OR increased olfactory acuity

Front 37

Loss or reduction of smell is known as?

Back 37

Anosmia or hyposmia

Front 38

What might cause anosmia or hyposmia?

Back 38

Problems at the nasal, neuroepithelial, or central level

Front 39

If the anosmia or hyposmia is bilateral, what might the patient complain of?

Back 39

Ageusia (loss of taste)

Front 40

Increased olfactory acuity is known as?

Back 40

Hyperosmia (which is very rare, if it exists)

Front 41

Qualitative abnormalities in smell (the 2nd subgroup of disorders of smell), including distortions or illusions of smell, are known as what?

Back 41

Dysosmia or parosmia

Front 42

With what mood disorder might dysosmia or parosmia be associated?

Back 42

Depressive illness

Front 43

Olfactory hallucinations/delusions (the 4th subgroup of disorders of smell) originate where

Back 43

At the central level

Front 44

What is the most common etiology of olfactory hallucinations/delusions?

Back 44

Temporal lobe seizures (uncinate fits)

Front 45

The fourth subgroup of disorders of smell is knows as Higher-order loss of discrimination or ___________

Back 45

Olfactory agnosia

Front 46

Olfactory agnosia is characterized by what?

Back 46

Perceptual aspects intact, but can't recognize