Chemical Nature Of The Gene

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Genomes

Back 1

Sum total of genetic information

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gene

Back 2

a length of DNA that encodes a particular protein.

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DNA Replication

Back 3

helicase enzyme unwinds double helix. DNA polymerase enzyme binds to each strands and travels along them collecting nucleotides. new strand complementary to original. Forms double helix with parent strand. 2 new double helix DNA molecules result.

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Transcription

Back 4

DNA strand unzips RNA polymerase lines up nucleotides to match DNA sequence. mRNA(Messenger RNA) migrates to the cytoplasm.

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post-transcriptional processing

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non-coding sequences removed. Each unit of three nucleotides(codon) encodes a particular amino acid.

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Translation

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mRNA attaches at ribosome with rRNA. ribosome adds tRNA whose anti codons bond with correspondin codons. Ternmination codon stops synthesis.

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tRNA

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transfer RNA. translates between language of nucleotides and amino acids. 80 nucleotides with three anticodon.

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Structural

Back 8

form organs and structural characteristics

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Regulatory Gene

Back 9

code protiens that determine functional of physiological.

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Transduction

Back 10

transfer of genetic material from one bacteria cell to another via bacteriophage.

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transformation

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Bacteria absorbs and incorporates pieces of DNA from environment.

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Nucleosome

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Repeated subunit of chromatin. Short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histones.

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Chromatin

Back 13

The DNA-histone combination.

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Chromatids

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two identical strands attached at the centromere created during cell division

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Restriction Enzyme(restriction endonuclease)

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cuts out and isolates certain strands of nucleotides for closer study.

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Major periods of cell cycle

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Interphase, M phase

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Phases of interphase?

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G1 phase, S phase, G2 Phase

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G1 Phase

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Cell growing normally

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S phase

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Cell prepares for cell division by replicating DNA and protein for a new set of chromosomes.

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G2

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More proteins necessary for division produced and centrioles replicated.

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Phases of Mitosis

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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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prophase 1

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Chromatin condense into chromosomes, spindle fibers extend from centromeres to center of cell.

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orphase 2

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Nuclear membrane dissolves, spindle fibers attach to centromeres creating a junction called a kinetochore.

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Metaphase

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fibers pull chromosomes into alignment along equatorial plane of cell.

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Anaphase

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Chromatids separated when centromere divides. Two identical chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite sides of the cell.

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Telophase

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Nuclear membrane forms. chromosomes disperse. fibers break up.

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Cytokinesis

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Animals: actin protein ring surrounds cell and pinches it in two. Plants: cell plate starts at center and grows to reach walls. Cell wall developes on both sides. cell splits.

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Meiosis

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chromosome replication, Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, meiosis 2.

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Prophase 1

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Homologus chromosomes pair up at synapse and form tetrad. Crossing over(mixing up of chromatids) occurs. nuclear membrane disappears. Each chromosome developes a Kinetochore.

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Metaphase 1

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Chromosomes align with equatorial plane of cell. Each pair of chromosome chromosome contains one from the mother and one from the father. Chromosomes randomly sort.

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Anaphase 1

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chromosomes move to separte ends of cell

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Telophase 1

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Nuclear membrane may develop depending on organism.

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Meiosis 2

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Mitosis occurs.

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enzyme

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Active site to which substrate attaches

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Enzyme-substrate complex

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combination of two molecules in active site.

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cofactor

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non-protein substance that binds to active site to allow substrate to fit.

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Inorganic cofactor

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yeah

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Organic cofactor

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also called coenzymes.

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prosthetic groups

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similar to cofactor but bound to enzyme

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inhibitor

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other substances compete to attach to active site and prevent reactions.

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Enzyme control/regulation

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product of enzyme is also inhibitor