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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
early replication
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virus genetic material
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chemical mutagens
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combine with nitrogen base which alters them and causes them to mispair Ex: Nitrous acid --- combines with A and causes it to pair with cytosine
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replication in genetic engineering
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lytic cycle - productive increase in number of viruses
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Impersonating the nitrogen base will
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incorporate into the DNA and lead to faulty pairing Ex: 5-bromacil looks like thymine (5BU) pair with guanine instead of Adenine
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later replication
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viral structurtal protiens
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High frequency recombient (HFR)
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F plasmid --- chromosome cell becomes HFR HFR mate with F- cell
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shapes of genetic engineering
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icosahedral, helical, and complex
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pharmacuticals
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human growth hormone gene product -- treatment
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Lysogeny
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non productive no new virus particles
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Ionizing-radiations
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X-rays, gamma rays - DNA damage
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adsorption for lysogeny
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very specific to receptors on host cell and structures on the virus
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When occassionally a virus replicates
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it will pick up a piece of host DNA instead of virus DNA
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penetration
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virus or nucleic acid will enter the host cell
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Forward mutaion
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mutant can't make histadine requires histadine as a nutrient
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penetration of bacteria by injection
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1. membrane fusion - enveloped viruses fuse with plasma membrane of the host (additional step - uncoating - viral nucleic acid released from capsid. 2. phagocytosis - enzyme brings virus in
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Radiations
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UV structural changes in the DNA
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penetration replication
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make more copies of itself often involves destruction of host DNA/ virus genetic materiak can control the metabolism of the cell
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gene therapy replacement of a faulty gene
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engineer virus -- remove pathogenic gene replace with foreign gene = infected host, microinjection, liposomes, gene guns -- DNA + gold particle -- shot with a gene gun
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burst size
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number of viruses that come out of the host cell 50-200 new viruses
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Transfer DNA donor
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recipient to move DNA into cell
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Lysozome - destruction of PTG
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envelope added to the virus leaves the host cell through the modified areas of the plasma membrane
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Conjogation
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donor cell F + = F plasmid genes sex pilus, genes transfer recipient F- = no F plasmid
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capsid protein coat functions
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protect the viral nucleic acid, shape - symettry, attachment to host cell, antigen, some bilayer lipid envelope surround capsid, envelope may contain glycoprotein -- spikes
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Applications for genetic engineering
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pharmacuticals, agriculture, gene therapy, and gene mapping
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burst time
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adsorption - relaese 20 mins for bacterial viruses
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Back mutation
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reverse of original mutation does not require histadine as a nutrient can make its own (less likely)
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adsorption attachment of viruses to host cell
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very specific receptors on host cell and specific structures on the virus
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agriculture
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frost ban -- gene from bacteria inserted into potatoes & strawberries makes them resistant to freezing
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penetration for lysogeny
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nucleic acid enters host cell, integrate onto host chromosomw --- repressor protein
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F+ plasmid transfers to F- cell genes for:
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making sex pilus, transfer gene, antibiotic resistant gene R = plasmids
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assembly and release for bacterial penetration
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assembly mature virus particle, release mature virus particles from host cell, usually lysis of host cell
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Basis for genetic engineering
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*Double stranded DNA - genetic materia in all living organisms * DNA replication same * genetic code is the same * segment of DNA, any source replicated any cell * DNA out, alter in lab - living cell replicates
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helical
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nucleic acid wound into helix, capsomeres atach to helix
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2 events for gene exchange in bacteria
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donor DNA enters recipient cell and the donor DNA enters chromosome
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icosahedral
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cubic - 20 sided each side triangle (looks like a crystal)
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Transformation Griffin - 1928
S = smooth strain R = rough strain |
released DNA fragments donor dead smooth, live R recipient must be in a state of competence log phase, to take up DNA fragments, complimentary base pairing can now make capsule by exposing to piece of DNA from the donor
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During virus replication
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virus released from cell --- will infect new cell; inject DNA into new cell host DNA --- integrate onto recipient chromosome
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Ames Test
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screening method to determine if a chemical is a carcinogen - cancer (most mutagens are carcinogens)
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Transduction DNA from donor recipient via bacterial virus
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virus will attach to host cell, host DNA virus enters host cell, host cell DNA degrades, virus replicates host cell lyses --- viruses
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Genetic Engineering
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intentional mixing of genes other species by artifical means
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4 steps to transfer DNA
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1. isolate plasmid and gene of interest 2. cut plasmid and gene of interest 3. mix cut plasmid and gene --- fusion 4. engineered plasmid --- replicate makes more copies of foreign gene gene product protein
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nucleic acid structure for genetic engineering
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single stranded DNA
single stranded RNA double stranded DNA double stranded RNA |