Chemical Messages

Front 1

What is homeostasis

Back 1

Maintenace of constant internal environment

Front 2

What does homeostasis control?

Back 2

- Concentration (ions,gas,water,nutrients)
- Temp
- Pressure

Front 3

What is another name for homeostasis?

Back 3

steady state

Front 4

What is negative feedback?

Back 4

response thats causesthe original stimulus to become opposite

Front 5

Whats is the steady state system acronym?

Back 5

Sir
Ronald
May
Eat
Red
Fish

Front 6

Name the part of the steady state system?

Back 6

Stimulus: the change
Receptor: detects change
Modulator: processes info from receptor and sending it to effector
Effector: response that counteracting the effect of the stimulus
Response:
Feedback: negative

Front 7

What are the 2 types of glands in the body? Examples

Back 7

Exocrine: sweat glands, mucous glands, salivary glands

Endocrine: adrenal glands, pancreas

Front 8

What is a hormone? example of 3 types

Back 8

- secretion from the endocrine gland into blood
- can be protein, steriods or amines

Front 9

How do cells communicate the same tissue?

Back 9

Paracrines or local hormones

Front 10

what makes paracrines special?

Back 10

- secreted by ALL cells
- diffuse to adjacent cell

Front 11

How are hormones able to influence a cell?

Back 11

If the cell has the right receptor

Front 12

How do protein and amine hormones work?

Back 12

- By attaching to receptor molecule on the membrane of the target cell
- the combination causes a 2ndary message to diffuse through cell and activate enzymes

Front 13

How to steriod hormones work?

Back 13

- By entering the cell (fat soluble easily pass) and combining with a receptor protein inside cell
- affects a gene
- affects function

Front 14

How do hormones change the functioning of a cell?

Back 14

by changing the type, activities or quantities of proteins produced

Front 15

What is enzyme amplification?

Back 15

1 hormone molecule activiates thousands of enzyme molecules

Front 16

How is a hormone turned off?

Back 16

- By breaking down the hormone molecules in the target cell or liver or kidney

Front 17

Where is the degraded hormone excreted?

Back 17

the bile or urine

Front 18

What is a releasing factor?

Back 18

- stimulates the release of a hormone
- from hypothalumus to pituitary

Front 19

What is inhibiting factor?

Back 19

- slows down the secretion of a hormone
- from hypothalamus to pituitary gland

Front 20

Where is the hypothalamus located?

Back 20

at the base of the brain

Front 21

What body functions does the hypothalamus regulate?

Back 21

- body temp
- water balance
- heart rate

Front 22

Another name for the pituitary gland?

Back 22

Hypophysis

Front 23

where is the pituitary gland in position to the hypothalamus?

Back 23

under the hypothalamus

Front 24

how is the hypothalamus and hypophysis connected?

Back 24

Infundibulum

Front 25

What are the 2 lopes of the pituitary?

Back 25

- anterior lobe
- posterior lobe

Front 26

How is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

Back 26

blood vessels

Front 27

How is the posterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?

Back 27

nerves fibres that pass through the infundibulum

Front 28

why is the posterior lobe of the pituitary not a true gland?

Back 28

it does not secrete substances

Front 29

What is referred to as a "master gland"?

Back 29

Pituitary gland

Front 30

What are the 6 hormones produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 30

- Follicle stimulating hormone
- Luitenising hormone
- Growth hormone
- Thryroid stimulating hormone
- Andrenocorticotropic hormone
- Prolactin

Front 31

What are the 2 hormones produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 31

- Antidiuretic hormone
- oxytocin

Front 32

What is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary?

Back 32

adenohypophysis

Front 33

The secretions of the anterior lobe of the pituitary is controlled by what?

Back 33

the releasing factor and inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus

Front 34

what is another name for the posterior lobe?

Back 34

neurohypophysis

Front 35

Where are the hormones thats are secreted by the posterior lobe actualy made?

Back 35

nerve cells in the hypothalamus

Front 36

What is the pineal gland?

Back 36

- Found in the brains in children
- by adulthood it is lump of fibrous tissue

Front 37

where is the thyroid gland found?

Back 37

in the neck below the larynx

Front 38

What is the main hormone secreted by the thyroid gland?

Back 38

thyroxine

Front 39

What is thyroxine made up from?

Back 39

Iodine and amino acids

Front 40

What does thyroxine do?

Back 40

Controls body metabolism: by regulating reactions that breaks down molecules to produce energy
this energy is in the form of heat...maintains body temperture

Front 41

To what hormone is thyroxine a response to?

Back 41

Thyroid Stimulating hormone

Front 42

Where are the parathyroids found?

Back 42

in the rear surface of the thyroid gland

Front 43

Whats hormone does the parathyroids secrete?

Back 43

parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone)

Front 44

What does the parathyroid hormone do?

Back 44

controls calcium and phosphate levels in blood

Front 45

Andiduretic hormone is:
a) synthesised and secreted by the posterior pituitary in response to a hypothalamic release factor
(b) released from the anterior pituitary in response to a hypothalamic release factor
(c) synthesised in the hypothalamus but secreted but the posterior pituitary
(d) synthesised and secreted by the adrenal cortex

Back 45

C

Front 46

The pituitary gland:
a) has no effect on the menstrual cycle
(b) has a direct nervous connection to the medulla that helps control metabolism
(c) is partly under the influence of the nerves
(d) will control the level of insulin in the blood during times of stress

Back 46

C

Front 47

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus:
(a) is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to FSH and LH
(b) directly stimulates the production of oestrogen by ovarian follicles
(c) is stimulated by progesterone in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle
(d) stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior gland

Back 47

D

Front 48

The link between the endocrine and nervous systems is the:
(a) thalamus
(b) hypothalamus
(c) pon
(d) cerebral cortex

Back 48

B

Front 49

Which hormone is responsible for maintaining the levels of calcium in the blood:
(a) ACTH
(b) cortisol
(c) parathormone
(d) progesterone

Back 49

C

Front 50

Identify two responses of the target organ LH

Back 50

- Ovulation
- oestrogen fall
- progesterone rise

Front 51

The main hormone released from the thyroid gland is

Back 51

Thyroxine

Front 52

Where is the thymus located?

Back 52

- in the chest
- above the heart
- in the sternum

Front 53

what group of hormone does the thymus produce?

Back 53

thymosins

Front 54

what is the group of hormones called thymosins responsible for?

Back 54

they influence the maturation of disease-fighting celss called T lymphocytes

Front 55

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Back 55

above the kidneys

Front 56

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Back 56

INNER: adrenal medulla
OUTER: adrenal cortex

Front 57

what hormones does the adrenal mudulla produce?

Back 57

- adrenaline
- noradrenaline

Front 58

What are the group of hormones produced by the Adrenal Cortex called?

Back 58

corticosteroids

Front 59

What are the two main hormones produced by the adrenal cortex?

Back 59

- Aldosterone
- Cortisol

Front 60

Where does the pancreas lie?

Back 60

- below the stomach
- next to duodenum

Front 61

What type of gland is the pancreas?

Back 61

It is both exocrine and endocrine

Front 62

What is the cluster of special cells called in the pancrease?

Back 62

Islets of Langerhan

Front 63

Which part is the endocrine and which the the exocrine part in the pancreas?

Back 63

Endocrine: Islets of langerhan secrete 2 important hormones
Exocrine: secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestines throught the pancreatic duct

Front 64

What are to hormones secreted by Islets of Langerhan?

Back 64

- Insulin
- Glucagon

Front 65

What are the gonads?

Back 65

The ovaries and the testes

Front 66

What hormone do gonads produce?

Back 66

- Androgen
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone

Front 67

Follicle stimulating folicle what does it do?

Back 67

-Females: growth of follicle
-Males: production of sperm

Front 68

Luteinising Hormone what does it do?

Back 68

Females:
- ovulation
-maintenace of corpus luteum

Males:
-secretion of testosterone

Front 69

Growth Hormone what does it do?

Back 69

- stimulates body growth
- increases rate of AA being taken up by cell
- maintains size of organs through adulthood

Front 70

Thyroid stimulating hormone what does it do?

Back 70

secretion of hormones from the thyroid

Front 71

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone what does it do?

Back 71

secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Front 72

what does the hormone prolactin do?

Back 72

milk production

Front 73

what does the hormone antidiuretic do?

Back 73

reabsorption of water

Front 74

what does oxytocin do?

Back 74

- contractions of the uterus (birth)
- release of milk

Front 75

what does the hormone prolactin do?

Back 75

milk production

Front 76

what does the hormone antidiuretic do?

Back 76

reabsorption of water

Front 77

what does oxytocin do?

Back 77

- contractions of the uterus (birth)
- release of milk

Front 78

Where would you find the hypothalamus and what does it do?

Back 78

- The hypothalamus is loctated at the base of the brain.
- Controls the autonomic nervous system
- Regulates body temperture, thirst, hunger, sexual behaviour