Chemical Aspects Of Life

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Organic Compound

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Specifically a molecule that contains carbon in the form of CHAINS OR RINGS...can not just just have carbon

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Carbohydrates

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Made up of only carbon, hydrogen oxygen in 1-2-1 ratio. Glucose is simple six-carbon monosaccharide occurs commonly i cells. Sucrose, is a dissacharide. two monosaccharides linked togetherd. polysaccharides two or more monosaccharides. Ex: starch (energy storage-amyylose in plants, glycogen in animals) and cellulose.

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Proteins

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large molecules made of long chains of amino acids. carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 20 different amino acids. Most diverse macromolecule in struture and function. part of plasma membrane, functions as enzymes/hormones, fights diseases.

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Lipids

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Group of fatty/oil substances that are INSOLUBLE IN POLAR SOLVENTS LIKE WATER, but soluble in nonpolar substances. includes triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes.

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Nucleoties (five carbon sugar, nitrogenous base, phosphate group) energy carrier ATP and hydrogen-electron transporter NAD, nucleid acid DNA and RNA. Rna protein syntehsis found in nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell organelles like ribosomes. Monomers, polymers, dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis.

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ok

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Benedict's Reagent

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Test for REDUCING SUGARS which add/release electrons to reduce other molecules. ALL MONOSACCHARIDES AND ONLY SOME DISSACHARIDES. electrons come from free carbonyl (C double bond O) groups at the end. some monosaccharides join to form dissacharides. Benecdict's reagent has COPPER IONS which is where it gets BLUE COLORS from. the reducing sugars are supposed to donate electron/REDUCE the copper ions in benedict's reagent to become metallic copper and produce COLORED precipatate. green to yellow is low concentration...red to brown is high concentration. Negative=blue color
Tested positive for: bread, glucose, milk, sucrose + HCl (HCl and heat breaks down sucrose)

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Monosaccharides

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Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose.

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Dissacharides

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Sucrose (negative for benecit's, except with HCl), Lactose (positive with benedict's)

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Polysaccharides

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Cellulose, glycogen (animal starch) , amylose (plant starch) tested with Lugol's

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Lugol's Solution

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Tests for polysaccharides (cellulose, glycogen, amylose). interacts with IODINE molecules in LUgol's to create positive DARK BLUE/PURPLE/BLACK precipitate. negative is anything that is maybe light brown/red/orange/ but not BLACK/PURPLE.

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Enzymes

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Proteins that act as Catalysts causing substrates to react to form products. we used SALIVARY AMYLASE and RENNIN. Salivary amylase is used to break down starch, we used plant starch. Breaks down STARCH (amylose) to MALTOSE (reducing sugar).

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Enzymes continued

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AmylASE breaks down amylOSE (starch) to glucose. Lugol's tests for amylose benedict's for glucose. If it worked to completion, there would be no starch (negative lugol's) and POSITIVE benedict's (glucose). Not at all= positive lugol and NEGATIVE benedict's, so that means there is only starch and no glucose was created. Partially is positive for both.

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Rennin (Rennilase)

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Add powdered rennilase (enzyme) to milk ([protein). renilase is supposed to convert protein CASEIN into PARACASEIN, shorter protein through hydrolysis. paracasein ends up preciptating out and formed curd and whey. Curds and whey are the parazein (the product).

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Lipids

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Lipds not soluble in water. Sudan IV tests for lipids. It is lipid solution, so the lipids in the solution will absorb the dye and be stained by it. sudan 4 will produce droplets of red stained oil that are separated from water. thus indicating a positive test.

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Emulsifier

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A substance that prevents liquids from separating. contains polar and nonpolar regions. Polar regions attract polar regions of emulsion, nonpolar regions attract nonpolar regions of an emulsion. Liquid detergent is an emulsifier.