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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Covalent bonds
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the strongest bond
atoms share electrons only non-metals network solids, molecular covalent, and coordinate covalent bond |
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Network solids
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one HUGE molecule (diamond/sand)
highest melting point because have to actually break the bond to melt [melting water- NOT breaking bonds, spreading molecules |
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Molecular Covalent
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all separate molecules like H2O
when melting/boiling- instead of breaking bonds, only pulling molecules apart and breaking intermolecular forces (IMFs) |
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Types of Intermolecular forces
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Hydrogen bonding
dipole-dipole forces vanderwaals |
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Coordinate covalent bond
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one atom donates both electrons to the "shared" pair
NH4+ (ammonium) |
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Ionic
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metal + non-metal
transferring electrons-‐ held together by electrostatic forces electronegativity of >1.7 |
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Metallic
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within a single metal
Positive metal ions in a sea of mobile electrons Mobile electrons (changed particles) allow metals to conduct heat and electricity in the SOLID state Valence electrons are free to travel all over the sheet of metal |
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Ionic bonding
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Metal atom LOSES electrons= POSITIVE ion
Non-‐metal atom GAINS electrons= NEGATIVE ion Electrostatic force of attraction |
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Covalent molecular bonding
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non-polar
polar |
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Polar covalent
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unequal sharing of electrons. One atom has a higher electronegativity and takes the “shared” electrons more of the time (partial negativity charge)
0.3-‐ 1.7 difference electronegativity |
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Non-polar covalent
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Equal sharing of electrons (usually between two of the same atoms/ elements); Ex) O2, N2.....
0.0-‐0.3 difference electronegativity |
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Octet Rule
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the atoms always share electrons to make it work out that each atom
ends up with a FULL SHELL of 8. |
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Drawing Covalent Molecular
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Linear
Bent Trigonal Planar Trigonal Pyramid Tetrahedral |
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Linear
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Single bond
--> 1 shared pair --> 2 shared electrons |
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Bent
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2 bonds and 2 unshared pairs
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Trigonal Planar
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3 bonds only
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Trigonal Pyramid
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3 bonds, 1 unshared pair
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Tetrahedral
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4 bonds only
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Polar Molecules
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unequal/ uneven distribution of charge, meaning 1 end of a molecule is partially positive and 1 is partially negative
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Non-polar Molecules
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EQUAL (symmetrical) distribution of charge. Molecule has NO positive and negative end symmetrical when cut 2 ways.
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Intermolecular Forces
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the forces of attraction that exist between covalent molecular compounds NOT BONDS
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Hydrogen Bonding
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Only between molecules of HF, H2O, NH3 (or NH4+) (F, O, N all strongest electronegativity)
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Dipole-Dipole forces
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Between any molecules that are polar (that don’t have hydrogen bonding)
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Vanderwaal's forces
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between NON-‐POLAR MOLECULES
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