Chem Unit 13

Front 1

photosynthesis

Back 1

the process by which light energy is used to synthesize organic products from inorganic reactants

Front 2

cellular respiration

Back 2

the controlled burning, or combustion, of glucose that occurs in your body

Front 3

endergonic

Back 3

absorbing energy in the form of work

Front 4

exergonic

Back 4

releasing energy in the form of work

Front 5

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Back 5

a molecule that transfers energy from endergonic to exergonic reactions and vice versa

Front 6

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Back 6

part of the transfer process

Front 7

monomer

Back 7

small molecule that joins with other similar molecules to make a polymer; repeating unit of a polymer

Front 8

polymer

Back 8

large organic molecule consisting of small repeating units called monomers

Front 9

carbohydrate

Back 9

the most abundant class of biomolecules, formed from aldehydes or ketones that contain numerous hydroxyl groups

Front 10

monosaccharide

Back 10

simple carbohydrates that cannot be broken down into smaller units

Front 11

dissacharide

Back 11

when two monosaccharides combine chemically, they form a dissacharide

Front 12

polysaccharide

Back 12

called complex carbohydrates, formed when many monosaccharides are joined together by dehydration synthesis

Front 13

dehydration synthesis

Back 13

when two smaller molecules join to form a larger molecule, producing water as a byproduct

Front 14

hydrolysis

Back 14

the decomposition of sucrose into glucose and fructose, which requires the addition of a water molecule

Front 15

glucose

Back 15

an important carbohydrate, produced in photosynthesis, has the formula C6H12O6, starts cellular respiration, primary energy source for cellular metabolism

Front 16

fructose

Back 16

hexose (monosaccharaide with 6 carbon atoms), found in fruit

Front 17

galactose

Back 17

monosaccharide produced by the hydrolysis of lactose

Front 18

sucrose

Back 18

chemical name for table sugar, disaccharide formed by combining one glucose molecule with one fructose molecule in dehydration synthesis

Front 19

lactose

Back 19

a disaccharide present in milk, formed by bonding one glucose molecule with one galactose molecule

Front 20

starch

Back 20

polysaccharide and complex carbohydrate; the glucose units in starch are jointed to form a straight-chain polymer, and it decomposes in a hydrolysis reaction

Front 21

glycogen

Back 21

polysaccharide similar to starch, composed of alpha glucose units, but different in that it is a branded polysaccharide that is made by animals, not plants

Front 22

cellulose

Back 22

polysaccharide made by plants, accounts for 50 percent of all the organic material on earth, made of beta glucose units

Front 23

lipid

Back 23

molecules composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen that are insoluble in water

Front 24

oils

Back 24

triglycerides that are liquid at room temperature and contain unsaturated fatty acids

Front 25

fats

Back 25

triglycerides that are solid at room temperature and contain saturated fatty acids

Front 26

triglyceride

Back 26

ester of glycerol and three fatty acids; general term for fats and oils

Front 27

fatty acid

Back 27

acids that are either saturated or unsaturated

Front 28

glycerol

Back 28

an alcohol that creates triglyceride when combined with an organic acid

Front 29

saturated lipid

Back 29

lipids are saturated by hydrogenation, where hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated lipid molecules at the sites of the double bonds - then they have the qualities of fats

Front 30

unsaturated lipid

Back 30

has the qualities of oils, made with double bonds

Front 31

hydrogenation

Back 31

process wherein hydrogen atoms are added to unsaturated lipid molecules at the double bonds to saturate em

Front 32

phospholipids

Back 32

the major structural components of cell membranes that form a double layer that protects the cell's contents from its environment

Front 33

steroid

Back 33

lipids whose molecules are composed of several fused rings of atoms

Front 34

cholesterol

Back 34

a steroid, synthesized only in animals, needed to synthesize sex hormones and other steroids

Front 35

protein

Back 35

polymers made up of hundreds of amino acid monomers

Front 36

enzyme

Back 36

protein molecule that acts like a catalyst

Front 37

hair and muscle

Back 37

both composed of structural proteins

Front 38

hemoglobin

Back 38

molecules that transport vital nutrients

Front 39

amino acid

Back 39

monomers that are bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group

Front 40

amino group (-NH2)

Back 40

amino acids act like bases at the amino end

Front 41

carboxyl group (-COOH)

Back 41

amino acids act like acids at the carboxyl end

Front 42

peptide bond

Back 42

the amide bond between amino acids

Front 43

polypeptide

Back 43

when several amino acids are joined

Front 44

primary structure

Back 44

the sequence of amino acids in a protein, describes chemical composition and molecular mass

Front 45

secondary structure

Back 45

describes how the sequence of amino acids folds back on itself, in the form of a tightly twisted chain (alpha helix) or a pleated sheet (beta chain)

Front 46

tertiary structure

Back 46

refers to the way in which the entire molecule bends and folds to produce a three-dimensional shape that is specific to that protein, determined by intermolecular forces between amino acids, determines biological function of protein

Front 47

denaturation

Back 47

the unfolding of a protein so that it is no longer in its "natural" shape

Front 48

nucleic acids

Back 48

biological molecules that code for hereditary traits by controlling the production of proteins

Front 49

nucleotides

Back 49

monomers that make up DNA and RNA

Front 50

cytosine
adenine
guanine

Back 50

nucleotides in DNA and RNA

Front 51

thymine

Back 51

nucleotide unique to DNA

Front 52

deoxyribonucleic acid

Back 52

DNA, biomolecule responsible for carrying hereditary information between cells, double helix shape

Front 53

ribonucleic acid

Back 53

RNA, three different types, helps in protein synthesis, composed of a single strand of nucleotides

Front 54

balanced equation for photosynthesis

Back 54

6 CO2 + 6H2O --> C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2

Front 55

balanced equation for cellular respiration

Back 55

C6 H12 O6 + 6 O2 --> 6 CO2 + 6H2O

Front 56

identify which elements are common components of biological molecules

Back 56

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

Front 57

describe the importance of C in organic molecules

Back 57

carbon can bond with lots of crap and stuff

Front 58

explain the role of ATP as an energy transfer molecule

Back 58

ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds, the energy released by biochemical reactions is used to add an extra phosphate group to ADP, turning it into ATP, then ATP turns into ADP and the cycle continues

Front 59

describe the function and identify the structure of carbohydrates

Back 59

carbon to hydrogen to oxygen ratio is 1:2:1

carbohydrates serve as either support tissue or energy-storing molecules

Front 60

describe the function and identify the structure of lipids

Back 60

lipid molecules have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but much less oxygen than in carbohydrates; they are composed of long hydrocarbon chains and are insoluble in water; they serve as energy reserves by storing more potential energy in their chemical bonds

Front 61

distinguish between the following types of carbohydrates by providing an example of each and describing the function of each example: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

Back 61

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose

all carbohydrates are converted into monosaccharides by your digestive system and are then absorbed by the circulatory system

dissacharides: sucrose, lactose

you eat disaccharides

polysaccharides: starch, cellulose

polysaccharides can be absorbed and used as fuel by cells